Giving Credit to Your Sources: Using APA Style © Clayton E. Samels The University of Akron – Wayne College: Giving Credit to Your Sources: Using APA Style © Clayton E. Samels The University of Akron – Wayne College The Smucker Learning Center
Examples taken from the Publication Manual of the APA, 5th edition.
Citing Your Sources: Citing Your Sources Means telling your readers where the information came from
Is a courtesy to the original authors
Is a courtesy to your readers
Not Citing your Sources: Not Citing your Sources Is called plagiarism
Is a form of dishonesty
Can bring severe penalties
As You Research: As You Research Consult the handout or the APA manual to see what info you need
Make copies of the article from the journal, magazine, newspaper, etc
Write the necessary publication info and page number on the copies
When to Cite a Source: When to Cite a Source Always – when you quote directly
When the information is not common knowledge
Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize an author’s information
Cite In-Text: Cite In-Text Called author-date
Refers reader to Reference Page
Paraphrased Material: Paraphrased Material Author’s name
Date
Page number, not required, but recommended
Example – Author’s Name in Sentence: Example – Author’s Name in Sentence Schwepps (1998) states that the solution sat dormant for several months before any of the employees tested it (p. 743).
Example – Author’s Name in Parentheses: Example – Author’s Name in Parentheses When the solution had been sitting for a number of months, the employees tested for bacteria (Schwepps, 1998, p. 743).
Documenting Quotations: Documenting Quotations Short quotes – less than 40 words
Long quotes – more than 40 words
Short Quotes: Short Quotes Put quote marks around quoted material
Cite the source in parentheses
Place the period after the closing parenthesis
Short Quotes – Example: Short Quotes – Example Meile (1993) found that “the placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276).
Long Quotes: Long Quotes Longer than 40 words
In block form
Indent 5 spaces for entire quote
Do not use quotation marks
Double space the block quote
Cite the source after the end punctuation of the quote
Long Quote – Example: Long Quote – Example Meile (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
In-Text Only Citations: In-Text Only Citations Personal Communications
E-mail, interviews, telephone conversations
Non-recoverable
Biblical References
Book, Chapter, Verse
Version in the first citation
Gracefully Introducing Quotes: Gracefully Introducing Quotes Use the author’s last name
Use the word “states”
Or use one of the alternatives to “states” listed on page 6 of the pink handout
The Reference Page: The Reference Page Center the word References at the top – no quotes, italics, or underline
Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with author’s last name
If author has more than one source, arrange entries by year, earliest first
If no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize without counting a, an, or the
Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used instead of an author name
Do not justify the right margin
Slide18: References
Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewittness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576.
Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum.
Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. U. S. News and World Report, 135, 28-31.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45 (2), 10-36.
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-A6.
Each Entry Begins with a Hanging Indent: Each Entry Begins with a Hanging Indent Put cursor on the first line of the entry
Click FORMAT
PARAGRAPH
INDENT & SPACING
SPECIAL
HANGING
OK
Slide20: References
Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewittness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576.
Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum.
Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. U. S. News and World Report, 135, 28-31.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45 (2), 10-36.
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-A6.
Each Individual Entry Is Double Spaced: Each Individual Entry Is Double Spaced Within the entry
Between entries
Do not put in extra spaces between
Slide22: References
Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewittness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576.
Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum.
Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. U. S. News and World Report, 135, 28-31.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45 (2), 10-36.
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-A6.
Some Common Forms: Some Common Forms Book
Magazine
Journal
Newspaper
Book: Book Author’s name, last name first. Use initials for first and second name.
Date in parentheses followed by a period
Title of book in italics followed by a period. Capitalize first word and all proper nouns
Place of publication followed by a colon
Publisher followed by a period
Book - Example: Book - Example Bernstein, T. M. (1965). The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum.
Magazine: Magazine Name of author, last name first, followed by a period
Year and day of publication in parentheses, followed by a period
Title of article, followed by a period
Title of magazine in italics, followed by a comma
Number of volume in italics, followed by a comma
Pages of the article, followed by a period
Magazine - Example: Magazine - Example Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. U. S. News and World Report, 135, 28-31.
Journal: Journal Author’s last name(s), initials
Year in parentheses period
Title of article – capitalize first word and all proper nouns, period
Title of Journal in italics – capitalize all important words, comma
Volume number in italics, (if pages are continuous)
(If each issue begins with 1) issue number in parentheses after volume
Comma and then page numbers followed by period
Journal – Example A: Journal – Example A Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewittness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576.
Journal – Example B: Journal – Example B Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45 (2), 10-36.
Newspaper Article: Newspaper Article Author’s last name, initials
Open parenthesis year first comma full month and day close parenthesis period
Article title, capitalize first word and proper nouns period
Title of Newspaper in italics cap all important words comma
p. or pp. page numbers period
Newspaper – Example: Newspaper – Example Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-A6.
When in Doubt – Check it Out!: When in Doubt – Check it Out! APA handout – the pink one
Publication Manual of the APA, 5th ed.
Learning Center Writing Consultant
APA help site: www.apastyle.org/askexpert.html
Thank You!: Thank You! Don’t forget to fill out a workshop evaluation sheet.