WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ?: WHY TRANSPORTATION TRENDS IN ISTANBUL ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE ? Haluk GERÇEK (PhD) Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.


BASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBUL: Population: 12 M Area : 5,343 km2 Number of municipal districts : 32 Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Turkey) Number of automobiles : 1.6 M (28% of Turkey) Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 inhabitants GDP per capita : $ 3,063 (2001) BASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBUL


RAPID INCREASE OF MOTOR VEHICLES: RAPID INCREASE OF MOTOR VEHICLES


POPULATION GROWTH: POPULATION GROWTH Annual Growth Rates: 1950-1970 : 4.9% 1970-1990 : 4.5% 1990-2000 : 3.2%


POPULATION DENSITY (2005): POPULATION DENSITY (2005) Average : 2,200 inhhabitants/km2


WORK PLACE DENSITY (2005): WORK PLACE DENSITY (2005)


MODAL SPLIT : MODAL SPLIT


RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM IN ISTANBUL: RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM IN ISTANBUL Lines Length (Km) Existing 12 125.2 Under construction - GMI 7 72.3 - MoT 1 13.6 Projects being prepared 8 109.7 Planned 15 187.0 TOTAL 43 507.8


EXISTING RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM: Haluk Gerçek, Istanbul Transportation: Problems and Challenges, June 2007, Istanbul EXISTING RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM Sirkeci-Halkalı/ CR (TCDD) Length : 27.6 km Daily Traffic : 75,000 H.Paşa-Gebze/ CR (TCDD) Length : 44.7 km Daily Traffic: 80,000 Karaköy-Şişhane/ FUNICULAR Length : 0.6 km Daily Traffic : 13,000 Aksaray-Otogar-Havaalanı/LRT Length : 19.3 km Daily Traffic : 200,000 Eminönü-Karaköy-Kabataş/ TRAM Length : 2.9km Daily Traffic: 45,000 Kadıköy-Moda/ TRAM Length : 2.6 km Daily Traffic : 5,000 Eminönü-Zeytinburnu/ TRAM Length : 11.2 km Daily Traffic: 143,500 Taksim-4.Levent/ METRO Length : 8.5 km Daily Traffic : 160,000 Istiklal Street / TRAM Length : 1.6 km Daily Traffic : 5,000 Eyüp-Piyer Loti/ CHAIRLIFT Length : 0.42 km Daily Traffic :2,100 Taksim-Kabataş/ FUNICULER Length : 0.64 km Daily Traffic : 14,000 Zeytinburnu-Güngören-Bağcılar/ TRAM Length : 5.5 km Daily Traffic : 26,000


RAIL PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION (GMI): Haluk Gerçek, Istanbul Transportation: Problems and Challenges, June 2007, Istanbul RAIL PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION (GMI) Taksim-Yenikapı/ METRO Length : 5.2 km Estimated Cost : $364 M Edirnekapı-Sultançiftliği/ TRAM Length: 15.3 km Estimated Cost : $140 M Kadıköy-Kartal/ METRO Length : 21,7 km Estimated Cost: $1.1 B 4.Levent-Seyrantepe-Ayazağa -Darüşşafaka/ METRO Length : 8 km Estimated Cost: $250 M Aksaray-Yenikapı/ LRT Length : 0.7 km Estimated Cost : $56 M Otogar-Bağcılar/ LRT Length : 5.4 km Estimated Cost: $173 M Bağcılar-M.Bey-İkitelli Olympic Village / METRO Length : 16 km Estimated Cost: $800 M BOSPHORUS TUNNEL-MARMARAY Length :13,5 km


BOSPORUS RAILWAY TUNNEL(MARMARAY) PROJECT: BOSPORUS RAILWAY TUNNEL (MARMARAY) PROJECT 76.3 km 13.6 km tunnel (1.4 km immersed tube tunnel) 40 stations Capacity: 75,000 pphpd


“3 Legged Stool” of SUSTAINABILITY: “3 Legged Stool” of SUSTAINABILITY Environmental Sustainability Social Sustainability Economic Sustainability


Transport Objectives and Their Contribution to SUSTAINABILITY: Transport Objectives and Their Contribution to SUSTAINABILITY ECMT Report on Sustainable Transport Policy (2000) EC DG Environment’s Guidance on Sustainable Urban Transport Plans (2005)


Which Objectives Are Most Important ?: Which Objectives Are Most Important ? There can be tensions between objectives Priorities differ accross the countries and cities Maintaining a balance among objectives is not easy and tradeoffs are necessary Therefore, for each city / country Set the “right” priorites Pursue policies which support the higher priority objectives ( a package of consistent policies & instruments)


A Long-Term or Immediate Focus ?: A Long-Term or Immediate Focus ? Give sufficient emphasis to longer term impacts (Reducing GHG, increasing equity between generations, avoiding resource depletion) Others objectives affect today’s citizens and require for immediate action Given 4-5 year life of a government, policy makers focus on current needs and overlook longer term problems


POLICY INSTRUMENTS (ECMT Reports): POLICY INSTRUMENTS (ECMT Reports)


How Well Do Policies Use Both Demand-Side and Supply-Side Measures ?: How Well Do Policies Use Both Demand-Side and Supply-Side Measures ?


LARGE ROAD PROJECTS: LARGE ROAD PROJECTS Projects faced opposition from professional organizations and NGOs - Urban road tunnels (156 km, $2 B) - 3rd Bosporus Bridge and beltways ($2 B) - Road tunnel under Bosporus ($1.6 B) - Flyovers (126 built)


MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR TRANSPORTATION: MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR TRANSPORTATION In 2001-2007 period, - $ 1.93 B spent on road projects - $ 3.45 B spent on rail projects In 2007, - GMI will spend $ 2.94 billion (53.5% of its total annual budget) on transportation projects. Up to 2012, - $ 15 B is required for transportation projects - GMI is planning to allocate $ 5.8 B. - $ 2 B is required for 156-km road tunnels.


DECISION MAKING in TRANSPORTATION: DECISION MAKING in TRANSPORTATION Who puts the projects ? Who evaluates ? Who decides ? Who puts money ? Transparent decision making is necessary There is a credibility gap between public and politicians


TRAVEL TIME (min): TRAVEL TIME (min) Hyper -congestion at low level of car ownership


EMISSIONS in TURKEY (2004): EMISSIONS in TURKEY (2004) Turkey’s total GHG emissions = 296.6 Mt CO2 equivalent (81.8 % is CO2) Transportation CO2 = 40,5 Mt ( 12 % of total CO2, increased by 55.8 % between 1990 and 2004) Road Transport CO2 = 34 Mt (84 % of transport sector) Source: 1st National Comunication on Climate Change, Report of Turkey, 2007.


3rd BRIDGE PROJECT: 3rd BRIDGE PROJECT Forests and wetland area of 800 ha is estimated to be demaged.


SUCCESSES: SUCCESSES Rail transit improvements Sea transport improvements (Sea buses, ferries) Fare integration by electronic tickets (Akbil) Extended budgets allocated to urban transport projects Increasing interest in environmental issues through news in media


FAILURES: FAILURES Uncontrolled population growth and urban sprawl Lack of integration of land-use, transportation, environmental and economic development plans Barriers to implementation of plans (finacial, legal & institutional, political & cultural, technological) Hyper-Congestion at untolerable levels Lack of public awareness Lack of transparent & accountable decision-making process


Slide26: Integrate land-use, transportation and environmental planning Improve and integrate public transport modes Improve NMT Develop reserved routes for PT SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT


Slide27: SOLUTION for SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT Reduce and rationalize the use of cars, more specifically in the city centers by TDM. (Congestion pricing, parking pricing and management, traffic calming, regulatory measures) Set targets (Reduce CO2 by 30 % by 2012)


Slide28: A DIFFERENT WAY OF THINKING There is an urgent need for a change in the way we think about transportation (paradigm shifts) Sustainable transportation requires fundemental changes in our transportation planning practices.


Slide29: THANK YOU... hgercek@ins.itu.edu.tr