INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND ISO 14000 : INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND ISO 14000 Sumiani Yusoff
Department of Civil and Environment Engineering
University Malaya
Environmental Problems : Environmental Problems
Local, Regional Global
Global Environmental Problems : Global Environmental Problems Green house effect/climate change
Ozone layer depletion
Acidification
Contamination of drinking water
Pollution of oceans and coastal waters
Deforestation
Decertification
Loss of species (flora & fauna)
Managing hazardous wastes
(U.N. identified “top ten” environmental issues in 1989)
PAST ENVIRONMENTAL INCIDENCES : PAST ENVIRONMENTAL INCIDENCES Minamata Disease
- Japan (1968)
Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident
- USA (1979)
Bhopal chemical Accident
- India (1984)
Chernobyl nuclear disaster
- Ukraine (1986)
Exxon Valdez tanker accident
- USA (1989)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
-UNWCED
“Sustainability means living on nature’s income rather than its capital”
-Murray Gell-Mann
1969 Nobel Prize in Physics
“Golden Rule for restorative economy” : “Golden Rule for restorative economy” 1. Leave the world better than you find it
2. Take no more than you need
3. Try not to harm the environment
4. Make amends if you do
-Paul Hawken (The Ecology of Commerce)
Slide7 : Change
Management Knowledge and
Information
Systems Strategy
Formulation FACTORS REQUIRED TO MAKE SUSTAINABILITY ACCESSIBLE
Evolution of Environmental Management Process : Evolution of Environmental Management Process
WHY ADOPT POLLUTION PREVENTION STRATEGIES? : WHY ADOPT POLLUTION PREVENTION STRATEGIES? Environmental problems
- population, industrialization, consumption
- wastes, pollutants, emissions
- dead rivers, air quality, waste dumps, acid rain, ozone layer
Environmental cost
- expensive treatment
- investment, maintenance, chemicals
- training of operator
Slide10 : Global Environmental Carrying Capacity
has its limit Natural resources
agricultural productivity
self purification capacity
all have limits Irrational resource consumption irresponsible environmental pollution from product life cycle :
Raw material acquisition, manufacturing,
use, disposal
Slide11 :
Industrial structure
Consumption pattern
Not environmentally friendly
Concern about our future : Sustainable society may not be achievable Environmental Loads occurring throughout a product life cycle Main cause of today’s
environmental problem
Slide12 : Future society Non material economy
Service oriented economy
Wealth w/o virgin resource consumption
Recycle and reuse
Resource consumption
environmental emissions The impact on the environment and business Threatened by
Slide13 : End-of pipe treatment
Burdens to most corporations
No improvement in global environmental problems
Slide14 : Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR) The cost associated with the waste product’s
collection, treatment, disposal should be
borne by the manufacturer
Responsibility shifts from government
and local authorities to the manufacturers
Slide15 : Example of EPR policy Packaging and packaging waste order
Germany 1992
Packaging covenant
the Netherlands, 1991
Voluntary agreement on the cost bearing
of the waste automobiles disposal
German automakers, 1998
Slide16 : Environmental Management(EM) Setting Environmental policy
Identifying significant environmental aspects
of a corporation In response to
command and control
First in the Netherlands in early 1980s
Slide17 : Consider suppliers and consumers
Prepare environmental and operational programs
Measure and monitor the environmental performance
Audit the environmental performance
Review the overall environmental management
Slide18 : Acceptable to the government because
EM considers entire life cycle of a product
It strives for pollution prevention rather than
end-of-pipe treatment
Government relax some command and
control regulations
What are standards? : Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. (egs. credit cards, phone cards etc.) What are standards?
The need for international standardization : The need for international standardization Existence of non-harmonized standards for similar technologies in different countries or regions can contribute to so-called “technical barriers to trade”.
The need to agree on world standards to help rationalize the international trading process.
The origin of the establishment of ISO.
What is ISO ? : What is ISO ? The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO members are the national standards bodies of 111 countries.
Founded in 1946, ISO’s objective is to develop manufacturing, trade and communication standards.
All standards developed by ISO are voluntary, however, countries often adopt ISO standards and make them mandatory.
Purpose Of An EMS : Purpose Of An EMS
Identify regulatory requirements
Identify and control effects
Establish a policy, objectives and targets
Monitor performance
Manage risks and opportunities
ISO 14000 - AN INTRODUCTION : ISO 14000 - AN INTRODUCTION 1. Is a series of environment management standards
2. Provide structure and tool for managing the environmental aspects/impacts of the organization’s activities
3. Include basic environmental management systems, auditing, labelling, performance evaluation, life cycling assessment and product standards
Descriptive rather than prescriptive
Preventive rather than corrective
Voluntary
Framework for self-regulatory
Why the need for EMS ISO 14000 Standards : Why the need for EMS ISO 14000 Standards The purpose of the ISO international standards is to allow organizations to focus environmental efforts against an internationally accepted criteria.
A single standard will ensure that there are no conflicts between regional interpretations of good environmental practice.
The environmental management system can be adopted to include the organization’s products, services, activities, operations, facilities,transportation, etc.
History of Development ISO 14000 series : History of Development ISO 14000 series Emerged primarily as a result of the Uruguay round of the GATT negotiations and the Rio Summit on the Environment held in 1992.
Generated a commitment to protection of the environment across the world.
Other environmental standard-
the British Standards Institution BS 7750.
Canadian Standards Association environmental management, auditing and eco-labeling.
European Union eco-management and audit regulations.
Slide26 : Requests the standardization of the
Environmental Management Fields to ISO
in April 1991 Business Council for Sustainable Development (BCSD)
United Nations Committee for Sustainable
Development ISO 14000 series
Slide27 : Strategic Advisory Group on Environment
(SAGE) Evaluates the Necessity in October 1991 Technical Committee(TC) 207 in June 1993
Standardization of the environmental
management systems : ISO 14000 series
ISO/TC 207 : ISO/TC 207 Subcommittees:
SC1: Environmental Management
SC2: Environmental Auditing
SC3: Environmental Labelling
SC4: Environmental Performance Evaluation
SC5: Life Cycle Analysis
SC6: Terms and Definitions
WG1: Environmental Aspects in Product Standards
Slide29 : Improve the organization’s environmental
performance continuously
Benefits: EMS Reduced cost in pollution prevention activities
Compliance with regulatory requirements
Better organization’s image Potential technical barriers to trade
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Environmental Management Environmental Performance Evaluation Environmental Management System
Slide34 : International management process
Selecting indicators
Collecting and analyzing data
Assessing information against EP criteria
Ongoing process of
Collection and assessment of data and
information to provide a current evaluation
of performance performance trends over time Environmental Performance(EP) Results of an organization’s management
of its environmental aspects EPE
Slide35 : Type I : Ecolabelling program
Type II : Self-declared environmental claims
Type III : Environmental declarations using
preset category of parameters EL Marketing tool
through communication of verifiable,
accurate and not misleading information on
environmental aspects of products or services
Slide36 : Ecolabelling (Type I) More than average environmentally friendly products EU market Self declared environmental claims (Type II) Average environmentally friendly products
North American market Environmental declarations (Type III) Tool for the implementation of GPN
GPN : potential solution to the environmental
problems of the present and future society
Need LCA
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) : Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA studies the environmental aspects and the potential impacts
Throughout a product’s life (cradle-to-grave) Systems perspective vs. site view
General categories of environmental impacts:
Resource use
Human health
Ecosystem impacts
Decision Process : Decision Process Generally, the information developed in a LCA should be used: As part of a much more comprehensive decision process or
To understand the broad or general trade-offs
RATIFICATION UNDER ISO 14040 LCA series
Slide39 : Elements of Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040 -General Principles and Framework ) Impact Analysis ISO 14042 Improvement Analysis ISO14043 Goal Definition And
Scope Inventory ISO 14041
Slide40 : LCA Goal & scope
definition Inventory
Analysis Impact
Assessment Inter-
pretation The Life Cycle Assessment Framework Direct applications Product development
Strategic Planning
Public policy making
Marketing
Other
Slide41 : ISO 14040 series : LCA LCA : supporting tool for EMS and EL
LCA results : identify Key issues(activities, processes and materials)
of a product system
environmental issues
of a corporation(EMS)
of a product or service(EL)
of a new product design(DfE)
Life-Cycle Inventory : Life-Cycle Inventory Outputs System Boundary Other Environmental
Releases Raw
Materials Manufacturing, Processing,
and Formulation Distribution and Transportation Raw Materials Acquisition Recycle Use/Re-Use/Maintenance Waste Management Energy Inputs Water Effluents Airborne Emissions Solid Wastes Usable Products
Slide43 : Life-Cycle Template Energy Water Transportation Product Coproducts Raw or
Intermediate
Materials Atmospheric
Emissions Solid
Waste Waterborne
Wastes
LCA can be used to assist in: : LCA can be used to assist in: Pollution prevention initiatives
Resource conservation efforts
Internal bench marking and improvement efforts
Understanding global impact concerns
Triggering additional environmental assessments on local or regional levels
Slide45 : APPLICATIONS OF LCA Internal industrial use in product and services development and improvement
Internal strategic planning and policy decision support in Government and private sectors
External use in marketing purposes, and
Governmental policy making in the areas of eco-labeling, green procurement and waste management opportunities
Slide46 : ADVANTAGES OF LCA
Facilitates decision making based on comparison of
eco-efficiency of different options (e.g. packaging of goods)
Shows potential for improving eco-efficiency
Avoids transfer of environmental burdens to other media
or regions
Basis for national eco-labeling
Useful tool for environmental management
Benchmarking within industry sector
Slide47 : Minimize Energy Use Objective : Minimize Overall Impact - Avoiding Transfer in Pollution Medium Resource extraction
Manufacture
Transportation distribution
Recycle
Ultimate disposal Toxicity of waste
Effect of emitted air pollutants Volume of solid waste
Toxicity of waste Effect of emitted water pollutants Overall Energy consumed in: Minimize Solid Waste Minimize Air Pollutant Effects Minimize Water Pollutant Effects
Slide48 : Environmental Requirements should be developed to minimize :
The use of natural resources ( particularly non renewable)
Energy consumption
Waste consumption
Waste generation
Health and safety risks
Ecological degradation
Slide49 : Reduction in operating costs
Production and process improvements
Reduced liability and risk
Increased opportunities for innovation
Increased opportunity for revenue generation, including new market openings and price premiums
Better supplier management and
Better relationship with customers, communities and regulators
Benefits of improvement based on life cycle perspectives
Slide50 : DfE Ecodesign
Essential to the sustainable society
Ultimate target of the ISO 14000 series
Concept in relation to EPR
Cost reduction for waste product’s
treatment/disposal
Slide51 : Design a product easy to disassemble, easy to
reuse and recycle
Design concept that reduces the number of
components, uses environmentally friendly
materials, develop common components,
minimize the quantity and toxicity of materials
for incineration/landfilling
Slide52 : Design a product that considers environmental
attributes of the product throughout its life cycle
Traditional aspects of a product
quality, function, cost, safety
: Basic requirements
Determining factor
: Environmental aspects …...
Slide53 : ISO 14001
Specifications on EMS
Environmental policy
Objectives, targets and programs
Implementation
Check
Review
Slide54 : Identify key environmental issues Corporation’s products or service
LCA or life cycle consideration
Controllable key environmental issues
Consider constraints
: personnel, financial, technological
Slide55 : ISO 14001 certificate Mere proof of EMS in place
No guarantee of superb environmental
performance
Conscious implementation generates profits
Faithful implementation of EMS based on
ISO 14001
Win-win strategy
Slide56 : ISO 14000 series
fatal trap for the developing countries
in the international trade arena
Strategy:
prepare action plans
how to implement the ISO 14000 series
Benefits of Implementing EMS : Benefits of Implementing EMS Enhanced Compliance of Legislation
Reduced cost of waste management
Savings in consumption of energy and materials
Improved corporate image among regulators, customers and the public
Framework for continuous improvement of environment performance