OpenAccess TheRevolution

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Open Access: The revolution in academic publishing Henry Hagedorn Editor, Journal of Insect Science Department of Entomology and Office of Scholarly Communication and Publication University of Wisconsin

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A large department will produce 500 to 1000 papers a year. How much do you think it cost to do the research for these papers?

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The federal government spends about 40 billion dollars each year to support scientific research. Not counting the billions added by states and foundations.

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Who do you think owns these papers? In 2004 the US produced 256,000 scientific papers out of a total world production of 743,000 papers.

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Publishers ! Not Authors Granting agencies Institutions How did this happen?

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Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc) Research institutions (state and federal) Scholars Data Manuscripts Commercial publishers Editors Reviewers Copyright Readers $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

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What do you lose when you sign a copyright agreement with a publisher: Control over dissemination of your work and access by readers: What do you not lose: The “underlying ideas, systems or factual information” you cannot: •make copies for a class • distribute it to colleagues • put it on your website or in a repository. • And readers have to pay for access to it

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The tale of the idiot and the publisher Suber

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ACRL data

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Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc) Research institutions (state and federal) Scholars Data Manuscripts Commercial publishers Editors Reviewers Copyright Readers $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

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“Intermediaries that erect price and permission barriers between authors and readers serve neither, harm both, and enrich only themselves.” Peter Suber, SPARC

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In response Cornell University Library cancelled 162 Elsevier journals valued at $250,000

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Increase in average cost per journal title in various subject areas Ave. cost/title 2004 % increase in cost 2000-2004 Agriculture $ 714 38 Art & Architecture 136 26 Astronomy 1,602 39 Biology 1,377 38 Business & Econ 614 49 Chemistry 2,695 35 Education 371 49 History 166 44 Law 222 41 Music 106 33 Physics 2,543 36 Psychology 446 46 Sociology 422 54

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Total number of scholarly journals ~50,000 (50% online) Number of journals covered by ISI 8,500 (17%) Number of journals published by large commercial publishers Reed/Elsevier 1800 Springer/Kluwer 1350 Taylor & Francis 800 Blackwell 600 Wiley 400 Lippencott 270 Total 5220

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Faust, Hector Berlioz, Los Angeles Opera, September 2003 Paul Groves, Samuel Ramey, Denyce Graves

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Open access

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Digital format Available online Free to user Author copyright

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Open Access increases Visibility Usage Citations Full text searchability It’s about career building

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Comparing journals in Ecology

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Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.) Research institutions Scholars Data Manuscripts Editors Reviewers Open Access Journal Copyright Readers Free

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What can the author do with the copyright? If you have the copy right you can allow: Break down the barriers that bar access ! Unrestricted reading Downloading of PDF by readers Distribution of PDF to colleagues Full text searching Linking Preservation in repositories

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You can retain copyright even when publishing in commercial journals By adding an AUTHOR’S ADDENDUM to a publisher’s copyright agreement A model addendum is at It retains your rights to reproduce and distribute your paper To prepare derivative works - reviews To authorize others to use it for non-commercial use It also requires that the publisher provide a PDF of the paper www.arl.org/sparc/author/

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Open Access journals can be free because Giving the author copyright removes legal barriers to free distribution The author does not expect to be paid The internet permits free distribution Improved software reduces the cost of formatting papers

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Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.) Research institutions Scholars Data Manuscripts Editors Reviewers Open Access Journal Copyright Readers Free

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G. Eisenbach. 2006. Citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS Biology 4(5):e157

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Citation record of three journals Nature Impact factor 29 Ave citation 171 77%>50 0%<10 Ecology Impact factor 4.5 Ave citation 27 12%>50 22%<10 Gene Impact factor 2.6 Ave citation 14 2%>50 56%<10

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Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

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How you can help Choose open access journals for your papers Retain your copyright Don’t do reviews for commercial journals Decline invitations to join their editorial boards Become an editor; start an open access journal Put your papers in the university repository

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You can make your existing publications open access by putting them in a university repository List of publishers that allow deposition in a repository: www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php