Deltas

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Presentation Transcript

Deltas : 

Deltas DELTAS

Outline: 

Outline Deltas Fan-Deltas Excel Practical

Definition of a delta : 

Definition of a delta Name from the Greek letter ‘D’, from the shape of the Nile Delta

Definition of a delta : 

Definition of a delta Name from the Greek letter ‘D’, from the shape of the Nile Delta

Definition of a delta : 

Definition of a delta Name from the Greek letter ‘D’, from the shape of the Nile Delta Definition: 'a discrete shoreline protuberance formed at a point where a river enters an ocean or other body of water' Deltas are progradational in character (cf. estuaries) A delta may form at the shores of the sea or a lake

Delta sub-environments: 

Delta sub-environments

Delta sub-environments: 

Delta sub-environments

Delta sub-environments: 

Delta sub-environments

Classification of deltas : 

Classification of deltas Galloway (1975) classification

Classification of deltas : 

Classification of deltas Orton and Reading (1993) Classification

Classification of deltas : 

Classification of deltas Modern deltas Mississippi Ganges-Brahmaputra Skeidararsandur Niger Rhone Amazon

Classification of deltas: 

Nile: the ‘original’ delta Rhone: wave-dominated Mississippi: river-dominated Ganges- Brahmaputra: tide-dominated Classification of deltas

Controls on delta environments and facies: 

Controls on delta environments and facies

Facies - definition: 

Facies - definition A Facies is a body of rock with specified characteristics which reflect the conditions under which it was formed. Facies description involves characterising lithology texture sedimentary structures fossil content

Delta sub-environments: 

Delta sub-environments

Delta progradation: 

Delta progradation

Delta progradation: 

Delta progradation

Classification of deltas: 

Classification of deltas

Controls on delta environments and facies: 

Controls on delta environments and facies

River-dominated delta: 

River-dominated delta

River-dominated delta: 

River-dominated delta Pro delta muds

River-dominated delta: 

River-dominated delta Occur when wave and tide action are relatively weak: river progrades with levees into basin (also called “Bird’s foot delta”) Example: Mississippi delta

Classification of deltas: 

Classification of deltas

Controls on delta environments and facies: 

Controls on delta environments and facies

Wave-influenced delta: 

Wave-influenced delta

Wave-influenced delta: 

Wave-influenced delta Pro delta muds

Wave-influenced delta: 

Wave-influenced delta Occur where wave action is strong: sands at river mouth are reworked by waves to form shore-parallel bars Example: Rhone delta

Classification of deltas: 

Classification of deltas

Controls on delta environments and facies: 

Controls on delta environments and facies

Tide-influenced delta: 

Tide-influenced delta

Tide-influenced delta: 

Tide-influenced delta Pro delta muds

Tide-influenced delta: 

Tide-influenced delta Occur where tide action is strong: sands and muds are reworked by tidal currents Example: Ganges- Brahmaputra delta

Controls on delta environments and facies: 

Controls on delta environments and facies

River-dominated delta: 

River-dominated delta

Delta lobe switching: 

Mississippi Delta Delta lobe switching

Delta progradation and basin bathymetry: 

Delta progradation and basin bathymetry

Delta progradation and basin bathymetry: 

Delta progradation and basin bathymetry

Delta progradation and basin bathymetry: 

Delta progradation and basin bathymetry

Delta cycles: 

Delta cycles

Delta cycles: 

Delta cycles

Delta cycles: 

Delta cycles

Delta cycles: 

Delta cycles

Delta cycles: 

Delta cycles

Deltas : 

Deltas FAN DELTAS

Classification of deltas : 

Classification of deltas Orton and Reading (1993) Classification

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Shelf-type fan delta Slope-type fan delta Gilbert-type fan delta

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Shelf-type fan delta Bathymetry: gently sloping shelf

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Shelf-type fan delta Bathymetry: gently sloping shelf

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Slope-type fan delta Bathymetry: stepped shelf

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Slope-type fan delta Bathymetry: stepped shelf

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Gilbert-type fan delta Bathymetry: Steep slope at shoreline

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Gilbert-type fan delta Bathymetry: Steep slope at shoreline

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Shelf-type fan delta Slope-type fan delta Gilbert-type fan delta

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Fan deltas: Modern example (Gulf of Suez, Egypt)

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Fan deltas: modern example (Gulf of Suez, Egypt) Extensional fault Hangingwall Footwall

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Fan deltas: modern example (Gulf of Suez, Egypt) Extensional fault Hangingwall Footwall Feeder channel (wadi – ephemeral river)

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Fan deltas: modern example (Gulf of Suez, Egypt) Extensional fault Hangingwall Footwall Feeder channel (wadi – ephemeral river) Topset – alluvial deposits

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas : 

Coarse-grained deltas – fan deltas Fan deltas: modern example (Gulf of Suez, Egypt) Extensional fault Hangingwall Footwall Feeder channel (wadi – ephemeral river) Topset – alluvial deposits Topset – wave reworked