introduction to the architecture of high performance, low-energy labs : introduction to the architecture of high performance, low-energy labs Revised: 6 Sep 06 University of Glasgow – 18 September 2006
The Laboratory: A Unique Building Type : The Laboratory: A Unique Building Type Sophisticated owners.
Important health and safety goals.
Aesthetic and formal missions.
Attract and retain world-class scientists.
Long investment horizon.
Complex operation.
High energy intensity. Rowan University Center, Pittman, New Jersey
Laboratory Types : Laboratory Types The lab type determines its energy impact.
Chemical Laboratories
Fume hood intensive.
Organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry.
Biological Laboratories
Fume hood and bio-safety cabinet intensive.
Thermal environments (e.g., cold rooms, warm rooms, containment).
Physical Sciences Laboratories
High plug loads with an abundance and variety of electrically powered instruments.
Small amount of built-in furniture.
Conventional Building : Conventional Building Skin-Load Dominated
(small building in cold climate) Internal-Load Dominated
(large building in any climate) H = Heating Load L = Lighting Load C = Cooling Load
= Other, including ventilation and plug loads O O H L C O H L C
The Lab Energy Challenge : The Lab Energy Challenge Ventilation and Process-Dominated
(any climate) O C L H H = Heating Load L = Lighting Load C = Cooling Load
= Other, including ventilation and plug loads O
Slide6 :
Form multi-disciplinary planning team
Define user needs and requirements
Categorize chemicals and operations by hazard levels
Set goals for cost, flexibility, sustainability based on hazard level, code implications, and technical requirements
Develop Request for Proposal (RFP) for A/E that defines goals
Design Process – Programming Phase Form internal working group to do “internal” homework
Slide7 :
Quantifiable and measurable, e.g.,
30% below ASHRAE 90.1
LEED Gold
100% daylit during the hours of 10:00 am – 2:00 pm
BTU/sf/yr
Total building energy use
Review, confirm, revise at each project stage – 50%, 90%, and FINAL
Consider using Labs21:
Design Intent Tool
Environmental Performance Criteria
Design Process Manual
Design Process – Setting Goals Define clear and quantifiable energy goals
Slide8 :
Use design charrettes as part of the integrated design process
Provides clear vision
Defines goals
Multi-disciplinary
Design Process – Design Charrettes See Planning and Conducting Charrettes for High-Performance Projects at: www.highperformancebuildings.gov
Slide9 :
Incorporate Labs21 sustainable design principles early (most cost-effective)
Design Process – Incorporate Sustainability Early
Program Early in the Design Process: Architectural Integration Issues… : Program Early in the Design Process: Architectural Integration Issues… Right-sizing HVAC
Size and number of chillers, fans; duct sizes
Low-pressure drop design
Adequate space for larger coils, ducts
Energy recovery
Space and adjacency requirements for desiccant wheels
Daylighting in labs
Lab orientation and spatial configuration
Cascading airflow
Spatial adjacencies NREL-STF: The use of daylighting and a butterfly roof to detain stormwater are key design determinants
Programming Sustainable HVAC Design… : Programming Sustainable HVAC Design… Locate HVAC services as a fundamental planning element.
Arrange mechanical distribution systems neatly and conveniently.
Ensure efficient air distribution:
undersized or convoluted duct runs increase resistance to airflow and, thus, fan energy consumption.
Remember, the building is the essential system.
Results of Sustainable Programming… : Results of Sustainable Programming… Carefully assessing user needs and equipment requirements…
Global Ecology Center, Stanford University
Highest density equipment moved to un-cooled warehouse
Most temperature-sensitive equipment in separate room, reducing the area with tight temperature control requirement
Additional 17% savings Source: EHDD Architecture
Design Process - Consider Modular Lab Planning : Design Process - Consider Modular Lab Planning Reduces engineering time
Integration of MEP systems is more costly in labs
Offers cost savings due to prefabrication of ductwork and piping
Leads to greater flexibility
Module diagram illustrating standard relationship between benches and supply and exhaust, and piping Source: Earl Walls Associates
Laboratory Module Issues: : Laboratory Module Issues: Location of Fume Hoods
Place fume hoods at “dead-end” locations away from entryways and circulation routes
Supply Air Diffusers and Fume Hoods
Place diffusers to avoid compromising hood containment and ventilation short circuiting
Eliminate cross-contamination between laboratories
Minimize areas requiring controlled environments
Consider cascading supply air from non-laboratory spaces to laboratory spaces for exhaust
Design flexibility based on programmatic goals
Operational vs. Physical flexibility
Laboratory Module Size : Laboratory Module Size Width tends to be 10’-6” to 12’-0” to accommodate ADA requirements and changing work procedures.
Module length varies from 25’ to 40’.
Floor-to-floor height depends on systems distribution scheme.
Lab Module Arrangements : Lab Module Arrangements Modules can be combined and divided to satisfy programmatic space needs.
Once a module has been established it must not be compromised.
Coordinate the location of circulation routes and researcher offices.
Module Design and Adjacency: Cascading Airflow : Module Design and Adjacency: Cascading Airflow SUPPLY EXHAUST = Inward
Airflow Adapted with permission by Gregory DeLuga, Siemens Building Technologies, Inc.
Design Process – Distribution System Alternatives : Design Process – Distribution System Alternatives Conventional Utilities
Overhead ceiling and shaft distribution
Vertical interior shafts
Multiple exterior shafts
Flexible Utilities
Backbone service corridors
Interstitial spaces
Full interstitial floors
Partial interstitial volumes Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
Overhead Ceiling and Shaft Distribution : Overhead Ceiling and Shaft Distribution Conventional approach to distribution
Least flexible
Servicing system intrudes upon research space
Energy efficiency may be more challenging
Advantages:
Economical (Net/Gross and $$$)
Simple duct and pipe runs
Disadvantages:
Requires larger ceiling space
Service and utility access will be through
suspended ceiling
Vertical Interior Shafts : Vertical Interior Shafts Advantages:
Shorter horizontal runs = smaller ducts and pipes
Multiple shafts = smaller ducts and pipes
Below eye-level access to shut off valves
Lower floor-to-floor heights due to smaller ducts
and pipes
Disadvantages:
Multiple shafts = multiple obstructions and
reduced flexibility
Difficulty adding future vertical ducts
Multiple shafts decrease net-to-gross ratio
Vertical Interior Shaft College of Engineering, Rowan University, Pittman, New Jersey : Vertical Interior Shaft College of Engineering, Rowan University, Pittman, New Jersey
Flexible Utilities: “Backbone” Service Corridor : Flexible Utilities: “Backbone” Service Corridor Advantages:
Continuous access for maintenance through
service corridor without entering labs
Shut off valves and electrical panels easily
accessible
Service corridor could house shared or moist or
heat producing lab equipment
Disadvantages:
Service corridor affects net-to-gross ratio
negatively
Service corridor impairs or prevents space
flexibility
Service Corridor Interior : Service Corridor Interior Solar Energy Research Facility, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado
Corridor Example: SUNY-Binghamton : Corridor Example: SUNY-Binghamton
Flexible Utilities: Interstitial Spaces : Flexible Utilities: Interstitial Spaces Advantages:
Unobstructed floor plan
Minimum disruption in lab during routine
maintenance and alterations
Services available from above/below at any point
on planning module
Disadvantages:
Adds to ceiling height
Adds to building gross space
Requires additional structure (access floor, etc.)
May require additional fire protection in interstitial
floor
May add to cost of building
Comparison of Floor Heights : Comparison of Floor Heights
Fred Hutchinson Laboratory : Fred Hutchinson Laboratory Phased development with full interstitial spaces.
Interstitial design permitted mechanical work, finish work, and other construction tasks to be performed simultaneously, reducing construction time nearly 20%.
NIH Louis Stokes Laboratory : NIH Louis Stokes Laboratory
High performance, low-energy labs: Concluding Comments : High performance, low-energy labs: Concluding Comments Reducing energy use in lab buildings is a very different challenge than in other building types.
Whole building design and HVAC must be a fundamental planning element; not an after thought.
Many different system distribution alternatives are available; choose the best for your facility.
Great examples of lab building design are ready for your review.
End of Session : End of Session