ATAELIVUSA

Intelligent Vehicles in the USA: R&D and Product Trends: 

Intelligent Vehicles in the USA: R&D and Product Trends ATA-EL 2004 Richard Bishop Bishop Consulting June 16, 2004

Overview : 

Overview Government Activities Federal Goals Program Selected Projects Non-Federal Commercial Products Analyses Upcoming Events of Interest

Government-Sponsored Activities: 

Government-Sponsored Activities

USDOT Safety Goals: 

USDOT Safety Goals Reduce fatalities per 100M vehicle miles from the current 1.51 to 1.0 by 2008 increased use of seat belts, continued reductions in impaired driving, and crash avoidance “crash avoidance is the fertile ground” – NHTSA Chief Federal Highway Administration goals for 2008: 2292 fewer road departure crashes 860 fewer fatalities at intersections 465 fewer pedestrian deaths Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration goal: reduce large-truck related fatality rate from 2.8 per million truck miles (1996) to 1.65 by 2008 ~ 40% decrease

USDOT Intelligent Transportation Systems Program: 

USDOT Intelligent Transportation Systems Program ITS Program recently re-organized into 8 areas: Mobility Services for All Americans Integrated Corridor Management Systems Universal Electronic Freight Manifest Integrated Vehicle Based Safety Systems Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems Emergency Transportation Operations Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) Nationwide Surface Transportation Weather Observation System Next Generation 9-1-1

USDOT Intelligent Transportation Systems Program: 

USDOT Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Intelligent Vehicle Initiative ceases to exist and IVI activities are focused into the three areas highlighted below ITS Program recently re-organized into 8 areas: Mobility Services for All Americans Integrated Corridor Management Systems Universal Electronic Freight Manifest Integrated Vehicle Based Safety Systems Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems Emergency Transportation Operations Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) Nationwide Surface Transportation Weather Observation System Next Generation 9-1-1

Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems : 

Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems Goal: All new vehicles equipped with advanced driver assistance systems to help drivers avoid the most common types of deadly crashes Crash types: Rear-end Road departure Lane change Approach: address cars, trucks, and transit buses consolidate current information about available countermeasures perform additional research into integration of the driver-vehicle interface (DVI) develop objective tests and criteria for performance of systems that simultaneously address these three types of crashes design appropriate data acquisition systems Initiative will be the first attempt to fully integrate individual ADAS solutions. Research will assimilate information about state-of-the-art commercial products and product performance for all relevant systems

Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems: 

Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems Goal: achieve deployment of intersection collision avoidance systems at 15% of the most hazardous signalized intersections nationally, with in-vehicle support in 50% of the vehicle fleet by 2015. Approach: pursue an optimized combination of autonomous-vehicle, autonomous-infrastructure and cooperative communication systems coordinated field operational tests to assess safety benefits and promote user acceptance VII will provide the enabling communication capability necessary for cooperative crash avoidance systems Continuation of ICA work performed through IVI Infrastructure Consortium since 2000

Slide9: 

Positioning system GIS map database??? Receiver for signal data stream Data stream from signal with phase and timing information (provided by IC) Data integration & processing system (includes RT, velocity, etc.) ICAV DVI

Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration (VII): 

Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration (VII) Goal: nationwide deployment of a communications infrastructure on roadways and in all production vehicles to enable a number of key safety and operational services Approach: vehicle manufacturers would install the technology in all new vehicles, beginning at a particular model year at the same time, federal/state/local transportation agencies would facilitate installation of a roadside communications infrastructure. assumption is that decisions about full-scale deployment in both the vehicles and the infrastructure will need to be made in the 2008/9 timeframe.

VII (continued): 

VII (continued) To determine the feasibility and an implementation strategy, a three-party consortium has been formed seven vehicle manufacturers American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials USDOT Continuing support of DSRC standards activity Development of prototype DSRC communications equipment to test the viability of standards $5M program started early 2004 VII is seen by many as the “next wave” for ITS in the U.S.

VII Applications Candidates: 

VII Applications Candidates Applications focus on traffic information, road management, and safety Localized need for secure and highly local communications with locally relevant information, for which DSRC is well-suited intersection collision avoidance work zone alerts highway-rail crossings. Network oriented to broadcast and can be served by a variety of communications methods (cellular, satellite radio, DSRC, etc.) FCD techniques traveler information Need for synergy with commercial applications is recognized

Slide13: 

Data Base Communication Hot Spot (DSRC) Satellite to Vehicle (GPS) Vehicle - to - Vehicle ( DSRC) Vehicle - to - Roadside (DSRC) VII Communications Private Sector Uses (graphic courtesy USDOT)

Selected IVI Projects : 

Selected IVI Projects Naturalistic Driving Study Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium Enhanced Digital Map project Advanced Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) FOT Road Departure Crash Warning FOT Transit Bus Crash Avoidance Forward, side collisions Rear impacts Heavy Truck Field Operational Tests (FOTs) Rollover countermeasures FCW/ACC Lane Departure Warning Heavy Truck Deployment Facilitation of Active Safety Systems Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Working with industry to define performance requirements

Naturalistic Driving Program: 

Naturalistic Driving Program Goals: Gain insight about driver/vehicle behavior in normative, critical incident, near crash, and crash scenarios Make recommendations for larger scale study 1000’s of vehicles Approach 100 vehicles for 1 year Unobtrusive instrumentation - No experimenter in vehicle Conducted on actual roadways

Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium: 

Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium Focused on DSRC safety applications V-V V-R Also assessed the adequacy of evolving DSRC standard Concluded that standard is appropriate and on-track Follow-on project likely

Enhanced Digital Maps Project: 

Enhanced Digital Maps Project Applications Curve Speed Assistant (Ford, GM) Stop Sign Assistant (Toyota) Forward Collision Warning (GM) Traffic Signal Assistant (DCX) Lane Following Assistant (DCX) Results Applications demonstrated Next generation digital maps seen as practical for safety applications in the near and mid-term Several challenges to lane level maps How to collect data How to validate

ACAS: Advanced Collision Avoidance System: 

ACAS: Advanced Collision Avoidance System Partnership of NHTSA, GM, Delphi, and UMTRI $35M cost-shared project started in 1999 Integrated ACC and FCW Based on 77 GHz radar and computer vision Road Geometry Estimation via data fusion of: Radar, Yaw-rate, GPS/map, & Vision Extensive algorithm development to reduce false alarms faster recognition of slowed or stopped vehicles Driver interface HUD is a key element Looming warning display (green / yellow / red) Audible alert on imminent crash Field Operational Test: 10 Buick LeSabres 80 drivers Vehicles equipped and on-road now

ACAS Vehicle: 

ACAS Vehicle

Road Departure Crash Warning FOT: 

Road Departure Crash Warning FOT Lateral Drift Warning -Vision and radar-based -Shoulder width consideration -Forward and side looking radars -Static and dynamic roadside objects Curve-Speed Warning Map-based 14 Nissan Altima’s equipped

Non-Federal: Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation Systems R&D: 

Non-Federal: Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation Systems R&D Pooled fund R&D Led by Caltrans with 11 additional state DOT participants Multiple research projects Case Study: Automated Trucking for Inter-modal Transfer in Chicago Area Extensive truck transport between rail heads Based on truck-only lanes with varying levels of driver support Time-staged automation approach showed a cost/benefit of 5.32 Study conducted by California PATH

Commercial Activities: 

Commercial Activities

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Heavy Trucks: 

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Heavy Trucks Market Drivers Crash costs come directly out of fleet profit Recent example: $7M payout for a single crash (equal to $2000 safety system on 3500 trucks) Systems on the market Forward Collision Warning Available for over ten years ~ 5% of Class 8 fleet equipped Very high crash reduction rates reported Night Vision Available since ~ 2003 Lane Departure Warning Systems Available since ~ 2003 Rollover Collision Avoidance Systems Available since 2003 De-fuels engine when lateral acceleration threshold reached

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Bus Transit: 

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Bus Transit Active safety systems market has not yet materialized Bus Rapid Transit concepts are popular CIVIS going operational in Las Vegas this year Steering assist in narrow lanes based on vision

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Cars (1): 

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Cars (1) Adaptive Cruise Control Entered U.S. market in 2001 Available now from DaimlerChrysler (Mercedes Benz) (MY2001) Toyota (Lexus) (MY2001) Nissan (Infiniti) (MY2002) BMW (MY2002) Ford (Jaguar) (MY2003) GM (Cadillac) (MY2003) Audi (MY2004) Estimate over 30,000 ACC-equipped vehicles sold in the U.S.

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Cars (2): 

ADAS Products in the U.S. – Cars (2) Forward Alert Use ACC radar to provide forward warnings (even if ACC off) Introduced by Jaguar Lane Departure Warning System Announced for Infiniti by Nissan for this year Iteris system Pre-Crash Brake Assist Brakes pre-charged based on radar sensing of obstcle Available from several OEMs Collision Mitigation Braking System Announced for Lexus by Toyota for 2004 (?) Active braking engaged at last moment if no driver action

ADAS for Automotive in the U.S.:….. what about liability???: 

ADAS for Automotive in the U.S.: ….. what about liability??? What are non-technical barriers to market introduction? Current proposal from ITS America will bring together interested OEMs and suppliers to address issues. Potential activities: broad scan of issues leading to focused analyses Common industry approaches to driver education, driver understanding, driver acceptance Legal strategies lower probability of litigation strengthen defense Advocate purchase incentives Legislative agenda Cooperation with European RESPONSE to create Code of Practice for ADAS Proposal now being circulated to automotive industry for a pooled-funding project

Events: 

Events

Events Relevant to ADAS: 

Events Relevant to ADAS Transportation Research Board Workshop on Research Needed to Support Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperation July 20-21 in Troy, Michigan Developing research agenda to contribute to VII discussions Truck Automation:  Opportunities & Deployment Paths July 22 in Troy, Michigan Summer Workshop of International Task Force on Vehicle-Highway Automation International Task Force on Vehicle-Highway Automation Small informal group of key govt & industry players active in advanced ADAS and cooperative vehicle-highway systems October 14-15 in Nagoya, Japan (just prior to ITS World Congress) 2005 World Congress, San Francisco USDOT National Intelligent Vehicle Meeting will be held Including vehicle demonstration

Thank you.: 

Thank you. www.IVsource.net (presentation to be posted here) richardbishop@mindspring.com