2006 GLG101 Exam4 Study Guide

Slide1: 

What is an end morraine? What are tarns, kettle lakes, and eskers? What is a reservoir? What are the large hydrologic reservoirs on Earth? Know their size in order from larger to smaller. What are typical inflows and outflows of reservoirs? What is hydrology? What is the residence time? What is runoff? Infiltration? Transpiration? Sublimation? What is relative humidity? How does the amount of moisture that air can hold vary as temperature changes? What happens to air temperature (and therefore the amount of moisutre) as air rises? What is a rain shadow? How is it formed? What is orographic precipitation? Where do we have a lot of rain shadows in the U.S.? What is runoff? How do man-made reservoirs and wetlands moderate floods and droughts? What is groundwater? What is an aquifer? Which rocks make good aquifers? What is an aquiclude? Which rocks make good aquicludes? What is a perched water table? What is porosity and permeability? What is the groundwater table? What is the unsaturated zone (also called Vadose zone)? What is the saturated zone? What is recharge and discharge? What is the difference between an influent and effluent stream? Which do we have more of in Arizona?

Slide2: 

What is the difference between a confined aquifer and an unconfined aquifer? What is an artesian well? What is a cone of depression? What is subsidence? Which types of rocks are more susceptible to underwater erosion? What is a sinkhole? What is Karst topography? What is the difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite? What is Darcy’s law? What is Meteoric water? [text question] What is hydrothermal water? How do hotsprings and geysers form? Between glaciers, wind, and streams, which is the most powerful agent of erosion? Which is the least powerful? How is topography a balance between plate tectonics and stream erosion? What is a streamline? What is the difference between laminar and turbulent flow? Which three factors mostly influence whether a fluid is laminar or turbulent? What are suspended loads and bedloads? What is competence and capacity? Know the examples shown in lecture (a large, slow river and a mountain stream).

Slide3: 

What is settling velocity? Suspension? Saltation? Rolling and sliding? What is a bedform? Under what conditions are dunes and ripples formed? What is headward erosion? What types of physical weathering occurs in streams? What is abrasion and undercutting? How is a pothole formed? What is a stream valley, stream channel, and a floodplain? When a river floods, what happens? How are natural levees formed? How are floodplains formed? What types of sediments are in floodplains? What is the difference between braided and meandering streams? Under what conditions are braided streams usually formed? What is a meander? What is an oxbow lake? What is a delta? Why does wind tend to be more turbulent than streams? What does Eolian mean? What is the coriolis effect? How does it affect air moving in the northern and southern hemispheres? What are the trade winds? What are westerlies? Know the wind directions of these and where they are with respect to latitude?

Slide4: 

Why is the climate wet at the equator? Why is it dry in regions such as Arizona? Where are deserts formed? What types of sediment are carried by wind? In what environments do Eolian processes dominate? What conditions are required? What is dust made of? What is loess? What is rock flour? What is a ventifact? What is an alluvial fan? [text question] What is a playa lake? What is a playa? [text question] What is deflation? What is desert pavement, and how is it formed? What is desert varnish? [text question] What are the different types of sand dunes found in deserts (4 types)? [text question] What is the difference between reserves and resources? What are the different renewable and non-renewable resources that we use for energy?

Slide5: 

What is a quad? What is a BTU (British thermal unit)? How many quads of energy does the U.S. use each year? How many quads does the world use each year? Of all of the energy resources, which do we have the most of on Earth? What are the disadvantages of nuclear power? How has the type of energy resources we use changed with time? How much of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuel? How are fossil fuels created? Where does the energy come from? Know the simple photosynthesis reaction shown in class. What conditions are needed for fossil fuel to form? What is a “trap”? What type of rock is most useful for trapping oil and gas? Know the different types of traps shown in lecture? Know what percentage of the oil reserves that are in the Middle East. How much oil do we (the U.S.) use each day? How much of this is imported? How much of this is produced here? What is natural gas mostly made of?

Slide6: 

Know about coal. How is it formed? How does the “grade” of coal increase through the series of peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite? What is the difference between eastern and western coals? When were the eastern coals first formed? What are some of the disadvantages of using coal? Of all the fossil fuels, which one does the U.S. have the largest reserves of? How does nuclear fission work? How many neutrons are released when a uranium atom splits during fission? What does E=mc2 mean? What is an ore? What is the economic concentration factor? Roughly, how many watts per meter squared of sunlight energy does the Earth receive? What is albedo? How does the greenhouse effect work? What are the main greenhouse gases? What are feedbacks? What are the positive and negative feedbacks associated with the greenhouse effect? What factors influence the amount of wind that a sediment can carry? What is the groundwater table? What conditions are necessary for Eolian dunes and ripples to form?