santTOPch02

LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT: 

LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 2 A Topical Approach to John W. Santrock Biological Beginnings

Biological Beginnings: 

Biological Beginnings The Evolutionary Perspective Genetic Foundations Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Prenatal Development Birth

The Evolutionary Perspective: 

The Evolutionary Perspective Natural selection and adaptive behavior Darwin and his observations All organisms must adapt in life Evolutionary psychology Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior Evolution explains human behavior The Evolutionary Perspective

Evolution and Life-Span Development: 

Evolution and Life-Span Development Benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age Natural selection failures: harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics As adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs increase Alternative: ‘bi-directional view’ The Evolutionary Perspective

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The Evolutionary Perspective Fig. 2.2 Baltes’ view of evolution and culture across the life span

Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology: 

Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology Remains just one theoretical approach Evolution does not dictate behavior Biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities The Evolutionary Perspective

The Genetic Process — Beginning Life As A Single Cell: 

The Genetic Process — Beginning Life As A Single Cell DNA and the collaborative gene DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid Chromosomes — thread-like structures Genes — units of hereditary information Human Genome Project Genetic Foundations

Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA: 

Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Genetic Foundations Nucleus (center of cell) contains chromosomes and genes Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA molecules Gene: a segment of DNA (spiraled double chain) containing the hereditary code Fig. 2.3

The Genetic Process: 

The Genetic Process Genetic Foundations Genes and chromosomes Meiosis — specialized form of cell division Fertilization — egg and sperm fuse together Genetic variability in the population X and Y chromosomes and sex

Genetic Principles: 

Genetic Principles Genetic Foundations Dominant and recessive genes Sex-linked genes X-linked inheritance for males and females Genetic imprinting Imprinted gene dominates Poly-genetically determined characteristics Many genes interact to influence a trait

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Genetic Foundations b b B b B b B B b B Blond hair Brown hair How brown-haired parents can have a blond-haired child: the gene for blond hair is recessive Mother B b Father B b

Genetic Principles: 

Genetic Foundations Genetic Principles Chromosome abnormalities Down syndrome Sex-linked chromosome abnormalities Klinefelter syndrome Fragile X syndrome Turner syndrome XYY syndrome

Gene-Linked Abnormalities: 

Genetic Foundations Gene-Linked Abnormalities PKU: phenylketonuria Sickle-cell anemia Cystic fibrosis Diabetes Hemophilia Genetic disorders can sometimes be compensated for by other genes or events

Reaction Range: 

Reaction Range Range of possible phenotypes for each genotype, suggesting importance of environment’s restrictiveness or richness Canalization—process by which characteristics take a narrow path or developmental course Genetic Foundations

Chromosome and Gene-Linked Abnormalities : 

Chromosome and Gene-Linked Abnormalities Down Syndrome — chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation Caused by extra (47th) chromosome Sex-linked Chromosome Abnormalities Caused by problems with sex chromosomes Genetic Foundations

Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities: 

Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities Genetic Foundations

Behavior Genetics: 

Behavior Genetics Studies influence of heredity and environment on individual differences Studies use twins or adoptees Monozygotic and dizygotic twins Adoption study: examine behavior and psychological characteristics Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences

Heredity-Environment Correlations: 

Heredity-Environment Correlations In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence Shared environments are analyzed Commonalities between children attributed to heredity-environment interaction Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences

The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views: 

The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Fig. 2.9

The Course of Prenatal Development: 

The Course of Prenatal Development Germinal period: 2 weeks after conception Embryonic period: 2 to 8 weeks after conception Three layers form Umbilical cord connect to placenta Fetal period From 2 months after conception to birth Trimesters of pregnancy Prenatal Development

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The three trimesters of prenatal development Prenatal Development

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests: 

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Amniocentesis: samples amniotic fluid Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villi sampling: small sample of placenta taken Maternal blood test Prenatal Development

Teratogens and the Prenatal Environment: 

Teratogens and the Prenatal Environment Teratogen: agent causing birth defects Severity of damage affected by Dose Genetic susceptibility Time of exposure Effects of prescription and nonprescription drugs Prenatal Development

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Prenatal Development Fig. 2.11 Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Development

Teratogens and the prenatal environment: 

Teratogens and the prenatal environment Psychoactive drugs Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight Effect of father’s smoking Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin Environmental hazards and pollutants Prenatal Development

Teratogens and the prenatal environment: 

Teratogens and the prenatal environment Infectious diseases (AIDS and STDs) Incompatible blood types of parents Rh-positive and Rh-negative Other prenatal factors Nutrition, prenatal education and care Age of parents Maternal emotional states and stress Prenatal Development

The Process of Birth: 

The Process of Birth Stages of birth: occurs in three stages Uterine contractions Baby’s head moves through birth canal Afterbirth when placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled Baby must withstand stress of birth Birth

Strategies for Childbirth: 

Strategies for Childbirth Deciding what setting, who attends, and what technique will be used Home delivery, birthing center, or hospital? 99% of all U.S. births occur in hospitals Home births more common outside U.S. Role of midwife, nurse, and physician Birth

Methods of Delivery: 

Methods of Delivery Medication with analgesics (epidural block, oxytocics, etc.) Possible effects of drugs on fetus Natural childbirth Prepared childbirth and the Lamaze method Cesarean sections for breech babies, other risks and benefits Birth

Neonatal Health and Responsiveness: 

Neonatal Health and Responsiveness Low birth weight infants in U.S. and world Weigh less than 5.5 lbs Very low birth weight: less than 3 lbs Preterm infants: 35 or fewer weeks after conception (about 12% of U.S. births) Small-for-date infants: weigh less than they should Birth

Neonatal Health and Responsiveness: 

Neonatal Health and Responsiveness Consequences of low birth weight Low brain weight and risk of brain injury Lung and liver disease ADHD and learning problems/disabilities Breathing problems and asthma Lower achievement levels Some effects can be reversed Birth

Assessing the Newborn: 

Assessing the Newborn Apgar Scale: heart, reflexes, and color Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) A sensitive index of neurological competence Four categories in global terms Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) Birth

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Birth Fig. 2.14 The Apgar Scale

Tiffany Field’s Research on Massage Therapy : 

Tiffany Field’s Research on Massage Therapy Massage therapy led to 47% greater weight gain for preterm infants Also demonstrated benefits of massage for Labor pain Asthma ADHD Arthritis Autistic children Birth

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Birth Fig. 2.13 Weight Gain Comparison of Premature Infants Who Were Massaged and Not Massaged

Bonding: 

Bonding Needs to occur shortly after birth Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital Rooming-in arrangements offered Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development Birth

The End: 

The End 2