summary presentation OSHA 97

Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke:Results of Personal Exposure Studies Conducted by ORNL: 

Occupational Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Results of Personal Exposure Studies Conducted by ORNL Roger A. Jenkins, Ph.D. Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Presented at the Johns Hopkins/OSHA ETS Exposure Assessment Workshop September 12 - 13, 1997

Study Objective and Design:Determination of Personal Exposure to ETS: 

Study Objective and Design: Determination of Personal Exposure to ETS Focus on subjects in urban areas. 100 non-smokers from each area. Each subject wears a sampling pump at their workplace (8 hours) and “away from work” (16 hours). Away-from-work includes commuting, shopping, dining, home, and sleeping. Particle and gas phase ETS components collected. Smoking status assessed using salivary cotinine.

16 Urban Areas Distributed Geographically: 

16 Urban Areas Distributed Geographically Seattle Boise Fresno Phoenix San Antonio New Orleans Daytona Beach Knoxville St. Louis Baltimore Philadelphia Portland Buffalo Columbus Indianapolis Grand Rapids

Sampling Pump: 

Sampling Pump Pump Unit Sound-proofing

Sampler Head: 

Sampler Head Particulate Filter Cyclone Separator XAD-4 Cartridge for ETS vapors

Distribution of Average Cotinine Values: 

Distribution of Average Cotinine Values Actual value: 1114 Subjects Actual value: 132 subjects

“Misclassification” Rates of Subjects Claiming to be Non-SmokersAll Subjects Recruited on Basis of Non-Smoking Status: 

“Misclassification” Rates of Subjects Claiming to be Non-Smokers All Subjects Recruited on Basis of Non-Smoking Status

Slide8: 

Estimated Misclassification Rates of Subjects Claiming to be Never-Smokers All Subjects Recruited on Basis of Non-Smoking Status

Distribution of 24-hour TWA RSPLevelsSubject Segregation by Self-Reported Home and Workplace Smoking Status Confirmed by Diary Observations(All Subjects with Avg. Cotinine <15 ng/mL): 

Distribution of 24-hour TWA RSPLevels Subject Segregation by Self-Reported Home and Workplace Smoking Status Confirmed by Diary Observations (All Subjects with Avg. Cotinine <15 ng/mL)

Distribution of 24-hour TWA Nicotine LevelsSubject Segregation by Self-Reported Home and Workplace Smoking Status Confirmed by Diary Observations(All Subjects with Avg. Cotinine <15 ng/mL): 

Distribution of 24-hour TWA Nicotine Levels Subject Segregation by Self-Reported Home and Workplace Smoking Status Confirmed by Diary Observations (All Subjects with Avg. Cotinine <15 ng/mL)

Concentrations of Selected ETS Markers:Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking LocationsMedian 24-hr TWA Levels, ug/m3: 

Concentrations of Selected ETS Markers: Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking Locations Median 24-hr TWA Levels, ug/m3

Concentrations of Selected ETS Markers:Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking LocationsMedian 24-hr TWA Levels, ug/m3Gender Related Differences?: 

Concentrations of Selected ETS Markers: Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking Locations Median 24-hr TWA Levels, ug/m3 Gender Related Differences? * Estimated

Slide13: 

Concentrations of Selected ETS Markers: Confirmed Smoking/Non-Smoking Locations Median 16-hr Away-from-Work Levels, ug/m3 Males who Work in Smoking Environments are Exposed to Higher Levels of ETS Away-from-Work

ETS Exposures of Subjects in Confirmed Smoking Environments: 

ETS Exposures of Subjects in Confirmed Smoking Environments Exposure: Concentration x Time, in ug-hr/m3

Effect of Smoking Restrictions on Personal Levels of Workplace ETSMedian 8-hr TWA Concentrations, ug/m3: 

Effect of Smoking Restrictions on Personal Levels of Workplace ETS Median 8-hr TWA Concentrations, ug/m3

8-hr TWA ETS Personal Levels in Smoking Facilities as a Function of Job ClassificationMedian Levels, ug/m3: 

8-hr TWA ETS Personal Levels in Smoking Facilities as a Function of Job Classification Median Levels, ug/m3

Marker Levels in Smoking-Unrestricted Workplaces: 

Marker Levels in Smoking-Unrestricted Workplaces R2 = 0.683

Exposures in Unrestricted Smoking Environments*Exposures in ug-hr/m3: 

Exposures in Unrestricted Smoking Environments* Exposures in ug-hr/m3 * Smoking confirmed by diary reports

Median ETS Exposures* in Environments Where Smoking is UnrestrictedExposure = Concentration x Time: 

Median ETS Exposures* in Environments Where Smoking is Unrestricted Exposure = Concentration x Time * Smoking confirmed by diary reports

Salivary Cotinine DistributionsSubject Cells Confirmed through Diary Observations: 

Salivary Cotinine Distributions Subject Cells Confirmed through Diary Observations Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

Comparison of Salivary Cotinine Levels and Nicotine ExposureCell Classification by Screening Questionnaire and Diary Observations: 

Comparison of Salivary Cotinine Levels and Nicotine Exposure Cell Classification by Screening Questionnaire and Diary Observations

Avg. Salivary Cotinine Levelas a Function of Nicotine ExposureAll Subjects with Both Markers >95% CL above LODNicotine: 0.063 ug/m3; Cotinine: 1.01 ng/mL: 

Avg. Salivary Cotinine Level as a Function of Nicotine Exposure All Subjects with Both Markers >95% CL above LOD Nicotine: 0.063 ug/m3; Cotinine: 1.01 ng/mL R2 = 0.105

Observations and ConclusionsBased on Study Design and Subject Population: 

Observations and Conclusions Based on Study Design and Subject Population Subjects who live and work in smoking environments are exposed to 30 - 60 times more ETS than subjects living and working in non-smoking environments. ETS levels are lower than those predicted from shorter duration or area measurements. ETS levels determined away-from-work (smoking homes) are comparable to slightly lower than those determined for previously reported residential studies. The home appears to be a more important source than the workplace for ETS exposure, due to time spent in the environment.

Observations and Conclusions(continued)Based on Study Design and Subject Population: 

Observations and Conclusions (continued) Based on Study Design and Subject Population Gross subject smoking status misclassification ranges from 2.2% to 6.6%, depending on subject sex and cut-off level. Median average salivary cotinine level is proportional to median nicotine 24-hr TWA level on a cell by cell basis (100+ subjects per cell). (R2 = 0.991) Median average salivary cotinine level is NOT predictive of 24-hr TWA nicotine level on an individual subject basis (R2 = 0.105) at levels of ETS exposure encountered under the protocol used for this study.

Fanny pack eases wearing of sampling pump: 

Fanny pack eases wearing of sampling pump

Area Samplers Placed in Most Facilities: 

Area Samplers Placed in Most Facilities Overview Detail

Levels to Which All Servers* Were Exposed4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3: 

Levels to Which All Servers* Were Exposed 4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3 *Corrected for high salivary cotinine.

Levels to Which Bartenders* Were Exposed4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3: 

Levels to Which Bartenders* Were Exposed 4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3 *Corrected for high salivary cotinine.

Distributions of Bartenders:Multi-Room Bar/Restaurants vs. Single Room Bars: 

Distributions of Bartenders: Multi-Room Bar/Restaurants vs. Single Room Bars

Slide30: 

Personal Exposure Comparisons in Multiroom Restaurant Bar Combinations: Servers vs. Bartenders 4 - 9 hr samples, ug/m3

Comparison of Median Exposures:Restaurant Servers vs. 16 Cities Subjects in Workplaces where Smoking was Unrestricted: 

Comparison of Median Exposures: Restaurant Servers vs. 16 Cities Subjects in Workplaces where Smoking was Unrestricted Exposure = concentration x time, ug-hr/m3

Area vs. Personal Levels in Restaurants & Bars: 

Area vs. Personal Levels in Restaurants & Bars