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Motivational Aspects of Personality: 

Motivational Aspects of Personality

Lecture contents: 

Lecture contents Freud’s drive/instinct theory Hull’s Stimulus-Response theory Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Deci andamp; Ryan’s self-determination theory What counts as evidence?

Motivation: 

Motivation Concerned in this lecture with: Initial activation of movement Selection among behavioural alternatives (direction)

Sigmund Freud’s instinct/drive theory: 

Sigmund Freud’s instinct/drive theory Instincts and drives Life (ego and sex)  (libido) Death (aggression)  (thanatos) Key Concepts Personality and behaviour are the result of interplay between the expression and inhibition of instincts. Instincts are universal, but forms of instinct expression and inhibition vary developmentally and situationally. Key Resource http://users.rcn.com/brill/freudarc.html

Clark Hull’s Stimulus-Response (S-R) Theory: 

Clark Hull’s Stimulus-Response (S-R) Theory Drive as directionless ‘push’ Physiological primary drives E.g., Hunger, thirst, pain Strengthen with deprivation Reinforce behaviours that satiate drive Reinforcing behaviours can thereby become secondary ‘drives’ E.g., eating, drinking, money, risk Instrumental learning Reinforcing responses become habitual to stimuli Requires that learning takes place in O Requires that O moderates S-R association Entails genetic-environment interaction

Dollard & Miller (1950): 

Dollard andamp; Miller (1950)

Maslow’s need hierarchy: 

Maslow’s need hierarchy

Self-actualisation: 

Self-actualisation 'the ability to act independently, self-acceptance or self-esteem, acceptance of one’s emotional life, and trust in interpersonal relationships' Jones andamp; Crandall (1986) It is always necessary that others approve of what I do. (F) I am bothered by fears of being inadequate. (F) I do not feel ashamed of any of my emotions. (T) I believe that people are essentially good and can be trusted. (T)

Self-determination theory: 

Self-determination theory Intrinsic motivation (Self-determination Authenticity) Competence Autonomy Relatedness

Self-determination theory: 

Self-determination theory Not motivated No regulation Extrinsically motivated Controlled motivation External regulation Introjected regulation Autonomous motivation Identified regulation Integrated regulation Intrinsically motivated Intrinsic regulation

Nine criteria (Baumeister & Leary, 1995): 

Nine criteria (Baumeister andamp; Leary, 1995) A ‘fundamental’ human motive should: 1. Be found in all societies and cultures. 2. Set satisfaction as a necessary goal, potentially with various substitutable contingent means. 3. Guide cognition. 4. Have emotional, hedonic consequences. 5. Have ill effects if not met. 6. Affect a wide variety of behaviours. 7. Operate in a wide variety of settings. 8. Be non-reducible to other motives. 9. Influence macro (economic, politic, historic) events.

Testing 10 candidate psychological needs (USA): 

Testing 10 candidate psychological needs (USA) Mean affect balance r Self-esteem 3.65 .29 Relatedness 3.21 .29 Autonomy 3.12 .43 Competence 2.98 .32 Pleasure/Stimuluation 2.60 .16 Physical thriving 2.49 .08 Self-actualisation 2.54 .13 Security 2.46 .28 Popularity/Influence 2.50 .14 Money/Luxury 2.14 -.07 (Sheldon et al., 2001)

Two reminders: 

Two reminders The over-justification effect (Lepper et al., 1973) Providing anticipated extrinsic reasons (rewards, punishments) for behaviour formally engaged in for intrinsic reasons (enjoyment, duty) results in reduction of intrinsic motivation to engage in those behaviours, lower spontaneous expression of such behaviours, and lower quality behaviours when they do occur. Functional autonomy (Allport, 1961) 'What was once extrinsic and instrumental becomes intrinsic and impelling. The activity once served a drive or some simple need; it now serves itself, or in a larger sense, serves the self-image…Childhood is no longer in the saddle; maturity is' (p. 229)

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