LoanWordTypology

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Slide1:

LoanWordTypology The Case Of Otomí Ewald Hekking – Querétaro & Dik Bakker - Amsterdam

Otomí:

Otomí Otomí (Hnäñho) Otopame > Oto-Mangue Querétaro (Mexico)

Otomí:

Otomí

Otomí:

Otomí Over 450.000 speakers

Otomí:

Otomí Over 450.000 speakers 9 dialects (LWT: Santiago Mexquititlán)

Otomí:

Otomí Over 450.000 speakers 9 dialects (LWT: Santiago Mexquititlán) Great variety in bilingualism

Otomí:

Otomí Over 450.000 speakers 9 dialects (LWT: Santiago Mexquititlán) Great variety in bilingualism Good descriptions

Otomí:

Otomí Over 450.000 speakers 9 dialects (LWT: Santiago Mexquititlán) Great variety in bilingualism Good descriptions Field work (mainly Hekking)

Otomí:

Otomí Over 450.000 speakers 9 dialects (LWT: Santiago Mexquititlán) Great variety in bilingualism Good descriptions Field work (Hekking) Spelling system (Hekking)

Contact History:

Contact History

Contact History:

Contact History < 1000: Otomí ~ neighbours (Otomanguan)

Contact History:

Contact History < 1000: Otomí ~ neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000 – 1500: Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec)

Contact History:

Contact History < 1000: Otomí ~ neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000 – 1500: Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) < 1300: Otomi culturally dominant

Contact History:

Contact History < 1000: Otomí ~ neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000 – 1500: Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) < 1300: Otomi culturally dominant > 1300: Aztecs dominant

Contact History:

Contact History < 1000: Otomí ~ neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000 – 1500: Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) < 1300: Otomi culturally dominant > 1300: Aztecs dominant > 1500: Spanish > all indigenous lgs

Contact History (1500 - 1800):

Contact History (1500 - 1800)

Contact History (1500 - 1800):

Contact History (1500 - 1800) Fray Alonso de Rangel, (arr. 1529, † 1547). - Arte i Doctrina Cristiana en lengua Otomí Spelling system

Contact History (1500 - 1800):

Contact History (1500 - 1800) Fray Alonso de Rangel, (arr. 1529, † 1547). - Arte i Doctrina Cristiana en lengua Otomí Spelling system Fray Pedro Cáceres (Querétaro, around 1580) Arte de la lengua Otomí Fray Alonso Urbano (around 1600) Arte breve de la lengua otomí y vocabulario trilingüe, Español-Otomí-Náhuatl

Contact History (> 1800):

Contact History (> 1800)

Contact History (> 1800):

Contact History (> 1800) Independence of Mexico in 1813

Contact History (> 1800):

Contact History (> 1800) Independence of Mexico in 1813 Indigenous groups no longer recognized officially

Contact History (> 1800):

Contact History (> 1800) Independence of Mexico in 1813 Indigenous groups no longer recognized officially Otomí no longer written by authorities

Contact History (> 1800):

Contact History (> 1800) Independence of Mexico in 1813 Indigenous groups no longer recognized officially Otomí no longer written by authorities Language shift starts

Contact History (> 1900):

Contact History (> 1900)

Contact History (> 1900):

Contact History (> 1900) Mexican Revolution (1911-1917)

Contact History (> 1900):

Contact History (> 1900) Mexican Revolution (1911-1917) No social changes indigenous groups

Contact History (> 1900):

Contact History (> 1900) Mexican Revolution (1911-1917) No social changes indigenous groups Otomís lowest social levels society

Contact History (> 1900):

Contact History (> 1900) Mexican Revolution (1911-1917) No social changes indigenous groups Otomís lowest social levels society Remote and less fertile highlands

Contact History (> 1900):

Contact History (> 1900) Mexican Revolution (1911-1917) No social changes indigenous groups Otomís lowest social levels society Remote and less fertile highlands Migration to bigger towns

Contact History (> 1980):

Contact History (> 1980)

Contact History (> 1980):

Contact History (> 1980) Construction roads and schools

Contact History (> 1980):

Contact History (> 1980) Construction roads and schools Growing influence media

Contact History (> 1980):

Contact History (> 1980) Construction roads and schools Growing influence media Increasing trade and emigration

Contact History (> 1980):

Contact History (> 1980) Construction roads and schools Growing influence media Increasing trade and emigration Increasing contact Otomís – Spanish speaking Mestizos

Data Collection:

Data Collection

Data Collection:

Data Collection Two dialects: Santiago and Tolimán

Data Collection:

Data Collection Two dialects: Santiago and Tolimán Project includes several local assistents

Data Collection:

Data Collection Two dialects: Santiago and Tolimán Project includes several local assistents Recording in home of informants

Data Collection:

Data Collection Two dialects: Santiago and Tolimán Project includes several local assistents Recording in home of informants Collected: 59 protocols

Data Collection:

Data Collection Two dialects: Santiago and Tolimán Project includes several local assistents Recording in home of informants Collected: 59 protocols Total corpus: 110.500 tokens

Borrowing from Spanish:

Borrowing from Spanish tokens

Borrowing from Spanish:

Borrowing from Spanish tokens

Borrowing from Spanish:

Borrowing from Spanish TYPES

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology LWT lexicon has been collected:

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology LWT lexicon has been collected: Hekking, Ewald & Severiano Andrés de Jesús (1989): Diccionario Español-Otomí de Santiago Mexquititlán.

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology LWT lexicon has been collected: Hekking, Ewald & Severiano Andrés de Jesús (1989): Diccionario Español-Otomí de Santiago Mexquititlán. Hekking, Ewald & Severiano Andrés de Jesús (fc): Diccionario Otomí-Español y explicativo del Estado de Queretaro. Universidad de Querétaro.

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed:

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed: In corpus study (SM): 19.0 %***

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed: In corpus study: 19.0 %*** Inserted 1422 (of 1460)

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed: In corpus study: 19.0 %*** Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6 %)

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed: In corpus study: 19.0 %*** Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6 %)

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed: In corpus study: 19.0 %*** Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6 %) Only Spanish 93 ( 6.5 %)

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed: In corpus study: 19.0 %*** Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6 %) Only Spanish 93 ( 6.5 %) Also Otomí synonym 91 ( 6.4 %)

Loan Word Typology:

Loan Word Typology Types borrowed: In corpus study: 19.0 %*** Inserted 1422 Borrowed 194 (13.6 %) Only Spanish 93 ( 6.5 %) Also Otomí synonym 91 ( 6.4 %) Hybrid 10 ( 0.7 %)

Slide60:

E D

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN WORLD 57 27 11 47.4

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106 36 27 34.0

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106 36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12 28.4

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106 36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12 28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106 36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12 28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3 5. TIME 57 12 8 21.1

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106 36 27 34.0 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12 28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3 5. TIME 57 12 8 21.1 T O T A L: 28.9% 53.6%

Categories: highest:

Categories: highest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 1. MODERN WORLD 57 27 11 47.4 2. ANIMALS 106 36 27  75.0% 3. AGRICULTURE 67 19 12 28.4 4. DWELLING 47 10 4 21.3 5. TIME 57 12 8 21.1 T O T A L: 28.9% 53.6%

Only borrowing:

Only borrowing the bee kolmenä the beehive kolmenä the beeswax sera kolmenä the bull doro the camel kameyo the cow baga the crocodile kokodrilo the dove palomä the duck badu the elephant elefante

Only borrowing:

Only borrowing the fox sorro the goose ganso the heron garsa the lion liyon the ox boi the parrot loro the shark tiburon the wolf lobo

Hybrid borrowing:

Hybrid borrowing

Hybrid borrowing:

Hybrid borrowing the bull doro the ox boi the cow baga

Hybrid borrowing:

Hybrid borrowing the bull doro the ox boi the cow baga the calf t'olo doro t'u boi t’olo baga

Hybrid borrowing:

Hybrid borrowing the bull doro the ox boi the cow baga the calf t'olo doro t'u boi co-hypo t’olo baga

Hybrid borrowing?:

Hybrid borrowing? the omen  m-pre-beni NOM-pre-think

Extension and adaptation:

Extension and adaptation

Extension and adaptation:

Extension and adaptation the horse fani (=‘deer’)

Extension and adaptation:

Extension and adaptation the horse fani (=‘deer’) the stallion ndofni the mare tsufni the foal or colt t'ufni t'olo fani

Extension and adaptation:

Extension and adaptation the horse fani (=‘deer’) the stallion ndofni the mare tsufni the foal or colt t'ufni t'olo fani the deer hogufani (=‘good horse’) fantho (=‘mountain horse’)

The Universal Cat?:

The Universal Cat? the cat  mixi (cf. Yagui; Spanish; Dutch? )

The Universal Cat?:

The Universal Cat? the cat  mixi (cf. Yagui; Spanish; Dutch? ) ndomuxi (male.cat) tsumuxi (female.cat) co-hypo t'umuxi (young.cat)

Categories: lowest:

Categories: lowest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC

Categories: lowest:

Categories: lowest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20. UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3

Categories: lowest:

Categories: lowest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20. UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL 74 4 2 5.4

Categories: lowest:

Categories: lowest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20. UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL 74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3 5.1

Categories: lowest:

Categories: lowest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20. UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL 74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3 5.1 23. PERCEPTION 49 2 0 4.1

Categories: lowest:

Categories: lowest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20. UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL 74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3 5.1 23. PERCEPTION 49 2 0 4.1 24. PHYS. WORLD 73 2 1 2.7

Categories: lowest:

Categories: lowest CATEGORY N BOR NOT PRC 20. UTTERANCE 41 3 0 7.3 21. SPATIAL REL 74 4 2 5.4 22. BODYPARTS 158 8 3 5.1 23. PERCEPTION 49 2 0 4.1 24. PHYS. WORLD 73 2 1 2.7 T O T A L: 27.1% 9.8%

Body Parts:

Body Parts

Body Parts:

Body Parts the lung pulmon the kidney riñu

Body Parts:

Body Parts the lung pulmon the kidney riñu BUT:

Body Parts:

Body Parts the lung pulmon the kidney riñu BUT: the heart mui the stomach mui the liver ya the spleen ye the intestines/guts xefo

Days of the Week:

Days of the Week

Days of the Week:

Days of the Week the week sumänä

Days of the Week:

Days of the Week the week sumänä Sunday ndomingo Monday nonxi Tuesday yopa (‘day 2’) Wednesday hñupa (day 3) Thursday nhwebe Friday mbehe (fast) Saturday nsabdo

Days of the Week:

Days of the Week the week sumänä Sunday ndomingo Monday nonxi Tuesday yopa (‘day 2’) Wednesday hñupa (‘day 3’) Thursday nhwebe Friday mbehe (‘fasting’) Saturday nsabdo

Days of the Week:

Days of the Week the week sumänä Sunday ndomingo Monday nonxi Tuesday yopa (‘day 2’) Wednesday hñupa (‘day 3’) Thursday nhwebe Friday mbehe (‘fasting’) Saturday nsabdo

Parts of speech:

Parts of speech

Parts of speech:

Parts of speech 4 77 the corpse animä

Parts of speech:

Parts of speech 4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the carcass animä/ndu

Parts of speech:

Parts of speech 4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the carcass animä/ndu 4 7501 dead animä/ndu

Parts of speech:

Parts of speech 4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the carcass animä/ndu 4 7501 dead animä/ndu

Parts of speech:

Parts of speech 4 77 the corpse animä 4 771 the carcass animä/ndu 4 7501 dead animä/ndu

Parts of speech:

Parts of speech 4 77 the corpse animä N 4 771 the carcass animä/ndu N 4 7501 dead animä/ndu A

Missing entries:

Missing entries

Missing entries:

Missing entries T O T A L: 1460

Missing entries:

Missing entries T O T A L: 1460 M I S S I N G: 38 (2.6%)

Missing entries:

Missing entries T O T A L: 1460 M I S S I N G: 38 (2.6%) CATEGORY N MISS BRW

Missing entries:

Missing entries T O T A L: 1460 M I S S I N G: 38 (2.6%) CATEGORY N MISS BOR ANIMALS 116  10 #2

Missing: Animals:

Missing: Animals 3 99 the tapir 3 597 the cormorant 3 654 the gill 3 664 the stingray 3 665 the freshwater eel 3 831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 3 834 the termites 3 866 the raccoon 3 871 the reindeer/caribou 3 873 the beaver

Missing entries:

Missing entries T O T A L: 1460 M I S S I N G: 38 (2.6%) CATEGORY N MISS BRW ANIMALS 116  10 #2 AGRICULTURE 74  7 #3

Missing: Agriculture:

Missing: Agriculture 8 26 the fork(2)/pitchfork 8 74 the forked branch 8 85 the banyan 8 92 the cassava/manioc 8 121 the paddy 8 912 the yam 8 991 the larch

Missing entries:

Missing entries T O T A L: 1460 M I S S I N G: 38 (2.6%) CATEGORY N MISS BRW ANIMALS 116  10 #2 AGRICULTURE 74  7 #3 OTHERS:

Missing: Others:

Missing: Others 1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the circumcision 22 132 the mosque

Missing: Others:

Missing: Others 1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the circumcision 22 132 the mosque

Missing: Others:

Missing: Others 1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the circumcision 22 132 the mosque

Missing: Others:

Missing: Others 1 342 the reef 1 771 the arctic lights 6 98 the snowshoe 10 79 the sledge/sled 10 84 the raft 10 88 the sail 10 89 the anchor 22 5 the circumcision 22 132 the mosque

Frequency:

Frequency C O R P U S: OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016 (77.8%) 2284 (22.2%) TOKENS 94970 (85.9%) 15571 (14.1%) LWT: 194 (13.6 %)

Frequency:

Frequency C O R P U S: OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016 (77.8%) 2284 (22.2%) TOKENS 94970 (85.9%) 15571 (14.1%) LWT: 194 (13.6 %)

Frequency:

Frequency C O R P U S: OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016 (77.8%) 2284 (22.2%) TOKENS 94970 (85.9%) 15571 (14.1%) LWT: 194 (13.6 %) LWT FOUND IN CORPUS: TYPES 98 (51 %)

Frequency:

Frequency C O R P U S: OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016 (77.8%) 2284 (22.2%) TOKENS 94970 (85.9%) 15571 (14.1%) LWT: 194 (13.6 %) LWT FOUND IN CORPUS: TYPES 98 (4.3 %)

Frequency:

Frequency C O R P U S: OTOMI SPANISH TYPES 8016 (77.8%) 2284 (22.2%) TOKENS 94970 (85.9%) 15571 (14.1%) LWT: 194 (13.6 %) LWT FOUND IN CORPUS: TYPES 98 (4.3 %) TOKENS 2637 (16.9 %)

Number of tokens:

Number of tokens FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=98):

Number of tokens:

Number of tokens FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=98): 1 23

Number of tokens:

Number of tokens FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=98): 1 23 2-9 37

Number of tokens:

Number of tokens FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=98): 1 23 2-9 37 10-99 33

Number of tokens:

Number of tokens FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=98): 1 23 2-9 37 10-99 33 100- 5 (MAX. 892: ‘KO’ PREP)

Number of speakers:

Number of speakers FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=59):

Number of speakers:

Number of speakers FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=59): 1 29

Number of speakers:

Number of speakers FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=59): 1 29 2-5 22

Number of speakers:

Number of speakers FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=59): 1 29 2-5 22 6-10 20

Number of speakers:

Number of speakers FREQUENCY OF LWT IN CORPUS (N=59): 1 29 2-5 22 6-10 20 >10 27

Other contact languages:

Other contact languages < 1000: Otomí ~ neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000 – 1500: Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) < 1300: Otomi culturally dominant > 1300: Aztecs dominant > 1500: Spanish > all indigenous lgs

Other contact languages:

Other contact languages < 1000: Otomí ~ neighbours (Otomanguan) 1000 – 1500: Nahuatl (Uto-Aztec) < 1300: Otomi culturally dominant > 1300: Aztecs dominant > 1500: Spanish > all indigenous lgs Nahuatl: the snake  kwate (‘coatl’)

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