Drugs and Drug Abuse: Drugs and Drug Abuse Matthew Hiller, Ph.D. Theodore M. Godlaski University of Kentucky College of Social Work and Center on Drug and Alcohol Research


DEA Drug Schedules“Controlled Substance Act”: DEA Drug Schedules 'Controlled Substance Act' All substances under regulation by Federal Law are placed into 1 of 5 schedules based on the substance's medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or dependence liability. Schedule I Schedule II Schedule III Schedule IV Schedule V


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Routes of Drug Administration : Routes of Drug Administration


Routes of Drug Administration: Routes of Drug Administration Oral Transdermal Inhalation Injection Subcutaneous 'popping' Intramuscular Intravenous


Cannabis : Cannabis


Marijuana: Marijuana Most often used illegal drug in the United States Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa Other names include 'pot' 'grass' 'hash' 'weed' 'Mary Jane' 'reefer' 'skunk' THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is believed to be the psychoactive agent. Hashish and hash oil


Marijuana: Marijuana Effects Short-term: feelings may include euphoria, relaxation and hilarity and negative psychological reactions include panic attacks, anxiety and hallucinations, cognition problems Long-term: carcinogens, amotivational syndrome, addiction Appearance and route of administration


Central Nervous SystemDepressants: Alcohol : Central Nervous System Depressants: Alcohol


Alcohol: Alcohol Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive (mind-altering) substance used in the United States. Active ingredient is ethyl alcohol Usually a beverage, differing in potency Beer Wine Distilled spirits Effects are dose-dependent


Central Nervous SystemDepressants: Opioids: Central Nervous System Depressants: Opioids


Heroin: Heroin History and origin-synthesized from morphine in 1874, made illegal in 1914. Other names include 'smack' 'mud' 'horse' 'brow sugar' 'junk' 'black tar' 'big h' 'skunk' 'H' 'skag' Effects Short-term: Euphoria, sleepiness, constricted pupils, reduced breathing, 'on-the-nod'


Heroin: Heroin Effects Long-term: Highly addictive, intravenous use is associated with Hepatitis, HIV, abscesses, and endocarditis, collapsed veins. Withdrawal: Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, irritability, cramps, nausea, chills and sweating Overdose: Shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible death Appearance and route of administration


OxyContin: OxyContin A long-acting form of Oxycodone, it came to the attention of Appalachian law enforcement first. It is a narcotic used for treating pain. It is also called 'Oxy' 'OC Killer' 'Killer' 'OC' and 'Cotton' 120 deaths nationwide, 59 is Kentucky alone.


Slide15: OxyContin Effects Euphoria, sleepy, tired. Signs of Overdose Greatly increased likelihood when used w/Alcohol Slow breathing, seizures, loss of consciousness, confusion, cold clammy skin, and small pupils. Appearance and administration route


Central Nervous SystemDepressants: Sedatives: Central Nervous System Depressants: Sedatives


Barbiturates: Barbiturates History and uses Come in ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long acting forms. Street names include 'downers' 'barbs' 'blue devils' 'red devils' 'yellow jackets' Appearance and route of administration


Benzodiazepines : Benzodiazepines Uses and effects Like barbiturates, different types produce different effects. Range from short- to long-acting forms Appearance and route of administration


Central Nervous SystemStimulants: Central Nervous System Stimulants


Cocaine: Cocaine Most powerful natural stimulant, synthesized from the leaves of the Erythroxylon coca plant. Three main forms-- Powder Freebase Crack Also called 'Coke' 'Snow' 'Nose Candy' 'Dust' ' White Lady' 'Toot' 'Big C' 'Blow' 'Flake' 'Lady' 'Snowbirds' ' White' 'Rock'


Cocaine: Effects Short-term: euphoria, increased energy, wakefulness, talkativeness Long-term: Highly addictive, damage to nasal cartilage, cardiac irregularities, body burn-out, malnutrition, death Overdose: increase in body temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, death Appearance and route of administration Cocaine


Amphetamine and Methamphetamine: Amphetamine and Methamphetamine History First marketed in 1930’s as nasal decongestant Used during WW II to keep soldiers awake Used by long-haul truckers, athletes, overweight Other names include-- Amphetamine also called 'Bennies' 'Black beauties' 'Dexies' 'Jollies' 'Speed' 'Uppers' 'Ups' 'Wake ups' Methamphetamine also called 'Fire' 'Ice' 'Chalk' 'Crank' 'Croak' 'Crypto' 'Crystal' 'Glass' 'Meth' 'Speed' 'White Cross'


Amphetamine and Methamphetamine: Effects of amphetamine Short-term: Increased energy, wakefulness, hallucinations Long-term: Addiction, violence and aggression, malnutrition Effects of methamphetamine Short-term: 'rush,' euphoria, energy Long-term: More addictive than amphetamine, paranoia, brain damage FDA and DEA status Appearance and route of administration Amphetamine and Methamphetamine


Hallucinogens : Hallucinogens


LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide): LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) Synthesized by Albert Hoffman in 1938 from Ergot fungus that grows on rye Most common and potent hallucinogen Popular during 1960’s resurging as club and concert drug Over 80 street names, including 'acid' 'trip' 'hits' 'sugar cube' 'cid' 'doses' Street price


LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide): LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) Effects unpredictable, can last 30 minutes to 12 hours, hallucinations, senathesia, 'bad trips' with frightening hallucinations, paranoia, and anxiety 'flashbacks' are recurrences that can happen months after the initial 'trip' DEA status Appearance and route of administration


Peyote & Mescaline: Peyote andamp; Mescaline Peyote is a small spineless cactus that contains the hallucinogen mescaline. History-used for 1000’s of years by Native Americans in religious rituals. Other names include 'Mescal' 'Buttons' 'Big Chief' 'Mescalito' Preparation and use Effects DEA status


Mushrooms: Mushrooms Like Peyote, traditionally used by Native Americans in religious rituals. Other names include 'Caps' 'Shrooms' 'Magic Mushrooms' 'Liberty Caps' Active ingredients include psilocybin and psilocyn Preparation and appearance and use Effects DEA status and street price


Inhalants : Inhalants


Inhalants: Inhalants What are the types of inhalants? Volatile solvents including paint thinners, dry-cleaning fluids, gasoline, glue, liquid paper, and felt-tip markers Aerosols including spray paint, deodorant, hair spray, and fabric protector sprays Gases including medical anesthetics like ether, chloroform, and nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide can be found in whipped cream and octane boosters. Nitrites include cyclohexyl found in room deodorizers.


Inhalants: Inhalants Effects Short-term effects resemble alcohol intoxication including euphoria, drowsiness, and disinhibition. Long-term effects include death by cardiac arrest and/or suffocation, hearing damage, brain damage, and bone marrow damage DEA status Route of administration Sniffing, huffing, and bagging


Slide32: 'Club Drugs'


MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) : MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) Available as a street drug since 1980’s, use has been escalating (DEA seizure data) Club drug used at 'Raves' Also known as 'Ecstasy' 'Adam' 'Bean' 'E' 'M' 'Roll' 'X' 'XTC' 'Clarity' and 'Essence' It is a synthetic drug with amphetamine-like and hallucinogenic properties


MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) : Short-term andamp; Long-term Effects Short-term effects include confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety, paranoia, muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, faintness, and chills Long-term effects include brain damage, especially to Serotonin pathways Symptoms of Overdose FDA and DEA status No accepted medical use, Schedule I Appearance and Routes of Administration MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)


Rohypnol(Flunitrazepam): Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam) Club drug used at 'Raves' Also known as 'Roofies' 'Roche' 'Rope' 'Lunch money' 'Roaches' 'Mexican Valium' 'Ruffies' 'Rib' 'R2' 'The Forget Pill' 'Potatoes' 'RZ' Powerful CNS Depressant Most widely-publicized 'date rape' drug Other Uses Street Value


Rohypnol(Flunitrazepam): Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam) Effects Short term effects include feeling sleepy, relaxed, and/or drunk. Also can result in blackouts, dizziness and disorientation, and nausea. Long term effects include the possibility of developing psychological and physical dependence. FDA and DEA status Appearance and Route of Administration


GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) Club drug used at 'Raves' Also known as 'G' or 'Liquid Ecstacy' 'Liquid E' 'Liquid X' 'Liquid Soap' 'Liquid Sex' Also a known 'date rape' drug like Rohypnol. Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressant Makes you feel Relaxed, Euphoric, and uninhibited. Sometimes used as an anesthetic. Overdose is a real possibility, especially w/ETOH


GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): Signs of Intoxication/Overdose Unconsciousness, seizures, vomiting, respiratory depression, hypothermia, nausea, and coma. Deaths attributed to GHB 60, not routinely tested for during autopsy FDA and DEA status Appearance and administration route GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate)


Ketamine(Ketamine hydrochloride): Ketamine (Ketamine hydrochloride) Generally used as a general anesthetic in both human and veterinary medical practice Club drug used at 'Raves' Also known as 'Special K' 'Vitamin K' 'K' 'Cat' 'Ketaset' 'Vetalar' and 'Breakfast cereal' Used as a 'date rape' drug It is a central nervous system depressant with sedative-hypnotic, andamp; hallucinogenic effects.


Slide40: Short-term andamp; Long-term Effects Short-term effects include hallucinations and 'out-of-body' experiences, larger doses can cause respiratory distress, convulsions, and vomiting Long-term effects in laboratory rats include brain damage FDA and DEA Status FDA approves medical use as general anesthetic, Schedule III Appearance and Routes of Administration Ketamine (Ketamine hydrochloride)


LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide): LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) Synthesized by Albert Hoffman in 1938 from Ergot fungus that grows on rye Most common and potent hallucinogen Popular during 1960’s resurging as club and concert drug Over 80 street names, including 'acid' 'trip' 'hits' 'sugar cube' 'cid' 'doses' Street price


LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide): LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) Effects unpredictable, can last 30 minutes to 12 hours, hallucinations, senathesia, 'bad trips' with frightening hallucinations, paranoia, and anxiety 'flashbacks' are recurrences that can happen months after the initial 'trip'


Slide43: Emerging Drugs


Ritalin(Methylphenidate): Ritalin (Methylphenidate) It isn’t just for children with Attention Deficit Disorder any more It is a Central Nervous System Stimulant Also called 'Kibbles and Bits' and 'Pineapple' Route of administration


Khat“Cot”: Khat 'Cot' Originated in Eastern Africa, and it is comprised of the leaves of the Catha Edulis evergreen shrub. Other names include 'kat' 'gat' 'tohai' 'mirraa' 'Abyssinian Tea' 'African Tea' ‘qat’ and 'African Salad'. Contains two psychoactive compounds: cathinone and cathine.


Khat: Khat Effects Stimulant in smaller quantities, helps relieve fatigue and reduce appetite When used in larger doses, mania, paranoia, grandiose delusions, and hallucinations. DEA status Cathinone (Schedule I), Cathine (Schedule IV) Appearance and administration route


Methcathinone: Methcathinone Very cheap and easily made stimulant. Also known as 'Cat' 'Goob' 'Mulka' 'Speed' 'Bathtub speed' 'Wild cat' 'Jeff' 'Wonder star' andamp; 'Cadillac express' Effects DEA status Appearance and route of administration


OxyContin: OxyContin A long-acting form of Oxycodone, it came to the attention of Appalachian law enforcement first. It is a narcotic used for treating pain. It is also called 'Oxy' 'OC Killer' 'Killer' 'OC' and 'Cotton' 120 deaths nationwide, 59 is Kentucky alone.


Slide49: OxyContin Effects Euphoria, sleepy, tired. Signs of Overdose Greatly increased likelihood when used w/Alcohol Slow breathing, seizures, loss of consciousness, confusion, cold clammy skin, and small pupils.


Two Minute Paper: Two Minute Paper Take two minutes to consider the following question and write write down as much of an answer as you can manage. 'The use of which substances are of the greatest concern in situations if intimate violence?' Pair up with a fellow classmate, share your answers and come up with a combined statement. next section


Marijuana: Marijuana Cannabis leaves Marijuana Cannabis pipe Back


Hashish and Hash Oil: Hashish and Hash Oil Hash Oil Hashish back


Heroin: Heroin Heroin Opium Poppies Back


Cocaine: Cocaine Erythroxylon coca Powder Cocaine Crack Cocaine Back


Methamphetamine(Ice): Methamphetamine (Ice) Crystal Meth (ice) Crystal Meth (ice) Back next


Amphetamine and Methamphetamine: Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Back Amphetamine Methamphetamine Methamphetamine and Paraphernalia


Peyote and Mescaline: Peyote and Mescaline Lophophora williamsii Mescaline powder Back


Mushrooms: Mushrooms Panaeolus subbalteatus Psilocybe azurescens Psilocybe bohemica Back


Rohypnol(Flunitrazepam): Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam) Back Rohypnol tablets Rohypnol blister package


Slide60: MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) Back


Image of Brain of Heavy Ecstasy User: Image of Brain of Heavy Ecstasy User Back


GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) Back GHB in beaker Vials of GHB


Slide63: Ketamine (Ketamine hydrochloride) Back Ketamine vials and powder


Slide64: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) Blotter Sheets (Timothy Leary, Beavis and Butthead) Next Back


Slide65: LSD Blotter Art Collage Back Next


Slide66: Gel Tabs Liquid in food dye droppers, used at clubs and raves Back LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)


Khat: Khat Back Khat bundle Catha Edulis evergreen shrub


Slide68: OxyContin Back Oxycontin tablets


Web Resources: Web Resources National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.drugabuse.gov/ Drug Enforcement Administration http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/index.htm National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/ Partners for a Drug-Free America http://www.drugfreeamerica.org/ Indiana Prevention Resource Center http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/druginfo/