Chapter2

Discovering The Universe for Yourself: 

Discovering The Universe for Yourself

Patterns in the Sky: 

Patterns in the Sky The Constellation Orion

Slide3: 

Constellations: Recognizable patterns in the sky are called Constellations. There are 88 Constellations. 12 are based on the Zodiac. Orion, Leo, Aries, Taurus, etc. Asterisms: Recognizable patterns of stars that are not one of the constellations are called Asterisms: Big Dipper, Little Dipper, Summer Triangle

The Celestial Sphere: 

The Celestial Sphere

Slide6: 

Are stars still present in the sky during the day time? Yes, we just can’t see them because their dim light is overwhelmed by the brightness of the sun during the day.

The Milky Way: 

The Milky Way The band of light called the “Milky Way” traces the galactic plane as it appears from our location in the outskirts of the galaxy. From: http://skyphoto.com/milky/Default.htm © Jerry Schad

The Circling Sky: 

The Circling Sky Earth rotates from west to east. The celestial sphere appears to rotate east to west. Apparent path of a particular star

Slide10: 

The Dome of the Sky: Definitions in your local sky

Angular Sizes: 

Angular Sizes We can measure angles in the sky The angular size of an object like the Sun or the Moon is the angle it appears to span in your field of view. The angular distance between a pair of objects is the angle that appears to separate them.

Slide12: 

Angular size of moon ~ ½ o Angular distance between the “pointer stars” ~ 5o To Polaris

Slide13: 

Latitude : Measures positions north or south of the equator. (Note: This is an angle) 0o = the equator. 90o N= the north pole. 90o S = the south pole. Longitude : Measures positions east or west of the Prime Meridian. (This is an angle) The Prime meridian is an imaginary line that passes through Greenwhich, England.

Slide14: 

Latitude and Longitude

Slide15: 

In the Northern Hemisphere, stars near the North Celestial Pole are always above the horizon. Therefore, these stars are called Circumpolar Stars In the Northern Hemisphere, stars near the south celestial pole remain below the horizon and so are never seen by a northern observer. In the Southern Hemisphere, stars near the north celestial pole are never visible to the southern observer.

Slide16: 

Different sets of constellations are visible in northern and southern skies.

Slide17: 

Counter-Clockwise Rotation Clockwise Rotation Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere The Altitude of the celestial pole (Polaris) = your latitude

Altitude and Latitude: 

Altitude and Latitude For Nacogdoches, Texas: Latitude: 31o 45’ 35.3” = 31.7598o Longitude: -94o 39’ 40.5” = -94.6613o Question: What is the Altitude of Polaris for Nacogdoches? Answer: 31o 45’ 35.3” – the same as our Latitude!

Seasonal Changes in the Sky: 

Seasonal Changes in the Sky The night-time constellations change with the seasons. This is due to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun.

The Sun’s Path Through The Daytime Sky Changes With Seasons: 

The Sun’s Path Through The Daytime Sky Changes With Seasons The sun traces out a characteristic figure 8 pattern over the course of a year at the same time of the day. This “Figure 8” is called an analemma. South North Composite photograph Images taken always at same time of day. (8:30 am. EST) Pictures taken at 10 day intervals over an entire year. Summer Fall Spring Winter Dennis di Cicco Path of sunrise for a particular date.

Slide22: 

The apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere, showing how the seasons arise. Figure from Astronomy Today, 3rd ed., Chaisson & McMillan, Prentice-Hall, ©1999 Seasons- Geocentric View

Right Ascension and Declination: 

Right Ascension and Declination Right Ascension (RA): Analogous to longitude, but on the celestial sphere. It is the east-west angle between the vernal equinox and a location on the celestial sphere. Declination (dec): Analogous to latitude, but on the celestial sphere. It is the north-south angle between the celestial equator and a location on the celestial sphere.

Slide24: 

Units of R.A. 360o = 24h  15o/h

The Moon, Our Constant Companion: 

The Moon, Our Constant Companion As the Moon moves through the sky, both its appearance and the time at which it rises and sets change with the cycle of Lunar Phases.

Lunar Phases Demonstration: 

Lunar Phases Demonstration The Moon The Earth

Lunar Phases: 

Lunar Phases Note: Look at top view to understand rise and set times.

Slide28: 

We always see the same face of the Moon. The Moon rotates as it orbits the Earth. The rotation rate is synchronized with the orbital period. This is called a “Synchronous Orbit”.

Eclipses: 

Eclipses In order for an Eclipse to occur: The nodes of the Moon’s orbit must be nearly aligned with the Earth and the Sun. The phase of the Moon must be either new or full.

Slide30: 

Lunar Eclipse Solar Eclipse Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse The Ecliptic Plane is represented by the surface of the pond. Nodes occur at points where the orbit crosses the surface of the pond

Geometry of a Lunar Eclipse: 

Geometry of a Lunar Eclipse (Sunlight is partially blocked) (Sunlight is fully blocked)

Three Types of Lunar Eclipses: 

Three Types of Lunar Eclipses

Three Types of Solar Eclipses: 

Three Types of Solar Eclipses

Slide34: 

Multiple Exposure Photograph of Progression of a Solar Eclipse Totality- lasts only a few minutes. The Solar Corona becomes visible.

How often do Eclipses Occur?: 

How often do Eclipses Occur? There are two periods each year when the nodes of the Moon’s orbit are nearly aligned with the Sun. These are called Eclipse Seasons. The combined effect of the changing dates of eclipse seasons and the 29.5 day lunar cycle, makes eclipses recur about every 18 years. This 18 year cycle is called the Saros Cycle.

Slide36: 

Solar Eclipses from 2001 to 2022 Colors represent successive Saros Cycles.

The Ancient Mystery of the Planets Retrograde Motion: 

The Ancient Mystery of the Planets Retrograde Motion Apparent Retrograde Motion A period during which a planet appears to move westward relative to the stars is called a period of Apparent Retrograde Motion. Prograde (Direct) Motion The usual eastward movement of the planet is called Prograde or Direct Motion.

Retrograde Motion for Jupiter: 

Retrograde Motion for Jupiter East West Prograde or Direct Motion Retrograde Motion

What Causes Retrograde Motion? : 

What Causes Retrograde Motion? It is a result of Stellar Parallax. Parallax is the apparent shift of the position of a nearby object with respect to a more distant background object. Do pen/pencil against background wall demo. That is, an apparent shift of the planet’s position relative to the background stars.

Retrograde Motion Demonstration: 

Retrograde Motion Demonstration

Slide41: 

Explanation of apparent retrograde motion using the principle of parallax. Follow the lines of sight from Earth to Mars in numerical order.

Stellar Parallax: 

Stellar Parallax More distant stars are used as the background for measuring parallax.

End of Section: 

End of Section