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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Remote Sensing - Lecture - 4: Remote Sensing - Lecture - 4 Remote Sensing: Remote Sensing What can we Sense? What is Resolution? Techniques of Remote Sensing What can we Sense?: What can we Sense? - shape - colour / brightness - motion - changes - contrast - textureShape: Shape regular ( ) Irregular ( ) relationships between shapes ( ) - smoke stack and building = plant - smoke stack only = abandoned site = under construction = secret bunkerColour / Brightness: Colour / Brightness Human eye can “see” in three colour bands - blue (0.35-0.45 m), green (0.45-0.55 m), and red (0.55-0.7 m) Information in light - natural (green, brown, blue) - artificial (orange, red, purple) - shiny (reflective) - dull (absorbs light) - bright (light on - habited) - dark (light off - abandoned)Motion: Motion Inferred from target (highways → cars → moving) Fast motion - image smear along the line of motion Drift - shift from one image to the next - river current, icebergs, clouds Changes: Changes Seasonal → spring - ground under trees → summer - tree canopy Weather change → rain, snow Construction in progress → trucks, workers Spread of crop stress → drought, diseaseTexture: Texture Gives a tactile sense - surface irregularities - texture scale > scale of detection - undulation - texture scale < scale of detection - roughness Can we determine texture remotely? Surface micro-shadows! - reflectivity may varying with angle of incidence and viewing angle - reflectivity may varying with wavelength (wavelength is the scale of detection)Contrast: Contrast Differences within an image - shape - colour / brightness - motion - textureWhat is Resolution?: What is Resolution? Spatial - physical dimensions, “Ground Sample Distance” - magnification of optics Brightness - reflectivity, material, incident light - sensitivity of detector Colour - material, coating, composition - colour of incident light Temporal - movement, seasonal change, health change, harvest, growth (city, forest) - freq. of observation, spatial motion & resolutionWavelength Dependant Processes: Wavelength Dependant Processes The wavelength can help use deduce the nature of the process at work Radio (meter) - deflection of free electrons in a magnetic field Microwave (mm) - vibration of molecules - 10’s - 100’s Kelvins Infrared (10-5 meters) - molecules and weakly bound electrons (Pachen series) - molecular and crystalline vibration (radiation of heat) - 100’s - 1,000’s KelvinsWavelength Dependant Processes (con’t): Wavelength Dependant Processes (con’t) Visual (10-6 meters) - bound electrons (i.e. Balmer series) - reflection of light sources - 1,000’s - 10,000’s Kelvins Ultraviolet (10-7 meters) - highly ionized atoms - 100,000’s Kelvins X-Rays (10-10 meters) - 10’s - 100’s million Kelvins Gamma Rays (10-14 meters) - nuclear processes - matter-antimatter annihilationIdentification of Targets: Identification of Targets Where is it? (navigation) - know position of imager - know relative position of imager and target Orientation - know viewing direction of imager, its rotation angle (orientation) of imager and target in image Scale - know size of image, distance to target, optics (mag) Distortion - image smear, optical/imager distortion - environmentally inducted distortion (vidicon tubes and planetary magnetic fields)OrbView-3 RS Satellite - Washington, DC: OrbView-3 RS Satellite - Washington, DC Washington Monument: Washington Monument Identification of Targets (con’t): Identification of Targets (con’t) Coping with Reality - haze - lighting angle Being Clever - thermal emission (airport, buildings) - multi-spectral imaging - hyper-spectral imagingEffect of Sun and Haze: Effect of Sun and HazeNo Shadows: No Shadows There are no shadows to help us identify these features.With Shadows: With Shadows Temperature of Great Lakes in Summer: Temperature of Great Lakes in Summer Temperature of Great Lakes in Winter: Temperature of Great Lakes in Winter Temperatures of Lake Superior: Temperatures of Lake Superior Finer detail – effects of islands, currentsInterpretation: Interpretation 1. Ground truth 2. Laboratory data (spectroscopy) - atomic/molecular absorption/emission - multi-spectral imaging - hyper-spectral imagingInterpretation - Resolution: Interpretation - Resolution The measurement of “Resolution” is multifaceted data must be interpreted in a regional context detectors have a finit size and “number of pixels” hi-res data covers a small area ability to detect find detail may compromise our ability to interpret the image low resolution data may be more useful than data of high resolution Global Chlorophyll Concentration: Global Chlorophyll Concentration 0.01 0.1 1 10 60 [mg/m3] - effects of coast lines, river deltas Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) Panama: PanamaMulti-Spectral Imaging: Multi-Spectral Imaging Uses both visual & infrared imagery - visual image for identification - IR Image for interpretation - disturbed soil - vegetation - water absorption - heat sources - vehicle engines, - buildings, - plant operationsTypical Soil and Crop Canopy Spectra: Typical Soil and Crop Canopy Spectra Non-Vegetated Land Areas: Non-Vegetated Land AreasGround Spectra: Ground Spectra Hyper-spectral Imaging: Hyper-spectral Imaging - detailed sampling over a broad range of wavelengths - narrow bands give spectra for every pixelTechniques of Remote Sensing: Techniques of Remote Sensing Passive Landsat, Spot, etc. NOAA – weather, crop, civilization management Active Microwave radar systems - RadarsatApplications : Applications Agriculture, Forestry and Range Resources - crop measurement, assessment and management - measurement of biomass on range for livestock - crop health monitoring Mapping - identify land use, changes in usage and growth Geology - mapping of land forms and features (faults), mineral identification and mapping Applications (con’t): Applications (con’t) Water Resources - mapping of water boundaries and water inventory - mapping floods and flood plains - measurement of and changes to glacial boundaries Oceanography and Marine Resources - mapping of near-surface features & those at depth - mapping of turbidity and circulation patterns - detection of marine organisms Environment - monitoring of surface mining and reclamation - detection and monitoring of and air/water pollution - monitoring human defoliation and deforestationComposites: Composites Discrimination of Human Eye - 200 shades of gray - 20,000 steps of colour! Colour images do not just look good, they can make visible fine gradations in detail.Composites (con’t): Composites (con’t) Used to contrast subtle differences between images of various spectral bands NIR (0.7-1.1 m) - discriminates between soil and veg. - lower reflectance off leaves with lower moisture SWIR (1.1-3.0 m) oil on water due to smooth surface - detects soil moisture content (crop drainage) MWIR (2.0-5.0 m) discriminates between mixed thermal emission (smoke and steam), sees through smoke LWIR (5.0-14.0 m) shows “warm” thermal emission - thermal inertia of objects, allows material identificationYellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988: Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988 Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988: Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988Yellowstone Nat’l Park Fire, 1988: Yellowstone Nat’l Park Fire, 1988Image Processing: Image Processing Calibration → Registration → Enhancement Calibration removes artificial distortions - Restoration - removes contaminating artifacts in original data (geometric, radiometric) - Rectification - corrects geometric distortions due to varied range distance, elevation, etc. Registration - images may have been taken with different instruments, magnifications and at different orientations - scales and aligns imagesEnhancements (Image Processing): Enhancements (Image Processing) A Law! Enhancements must not create detail. It may only reveal it by removing or suppressing unnecessary information. Enhancing causes information to be discarded. Raw images should begin with large dynamic range. Why? - magnification - brightness adjustment (lighten or darken) - contrast adjustment (increase or decrease) - spatial filtering (can bring out fine details) - subtract 2 images of different spectral bands . . .Some References - for interest only, not required for this course: Some References - for interest only, not required for this course http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/tofc.html http://research.umbc.edu/~tbenja1/index.html www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/ www.nima.mil/ocrn/nima/pub.html www.usra.edu/esse/essonline/resources.html www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Front/ overview.html Ataturk Dam: Ataturk Dam Aug.24/02 Aug.20/83 Southeastern Turkey - Electric Power - Irrigation Landsat 4 Multispectral Sensor image DamMerapi Volcano, central Java: Merapi Volcano, central Java Aug.24/03 Astronaut photograph ISS007-E-13327Okanogan Fire - 2003: Okanogan Fire - 2003 Kelona Burn Scare Burning Lake Kelona NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROSSoil Moisture Map: Soil Moisture Map NASA July 1, 2003Atacama Desert, Northern Chile: Atacama Desert, Northern Chile - not as it seems -“mineral map” - ground truth required for interpretation - powerful information at US$2000 per image NASA’s Terra satelliteRadarsat: Radarsat Radarsat Bus: Radarsat Bus Inside Payload: Inside Payload Synthetic Aperture Imaging: Synthetic Aperture Imaging Lines of constant Doppler Lines of constant Range Earth’s Rotation Path of SatelliteURLs: URLs ESA http://earth.esa.int/ers//esa_doc/doc_int.html CCRS http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/homepg.pl?e You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
lect4 Taddeo Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 391 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: January 22, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: cherieangcl (34 month(s) ago) Please allow to DL. thank Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sayeeprabu (41 month(s) ago) ur PPT is awesome & very informative....pls make it downloadable! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Remote Sensing - Lecture - 4: Remote Sensing - Lecture - 4 Remote Sensing: Remote Sensing What can we Sense? What is Resolution? Techniques of Remote Sensing What can we Sense?: What can we Sense? - shape - colour / brightness - motion - changes - contrast - textureShape: Shape regular ( ) Irregular ( ) relationships between shapes ( ) - smoke stack and building = plant - smoke stack only = abandoned site = under construction = secret bunkerColour / Brightness: Colour / Brightness Human eye can “see” in three colour bands - blue (0.35-0.45 m), green (0.45-0.55 m), and red (0.55-0.7 m) Information in light - natural (green, brown, blue) - artificial (orange, red, purple) - shiny (reflective) - dull (absorbs light) - bright (light on - habited) - dark (light off - abandoned)Motion: Motion Inferred from target (highways → cars → moving) Fast motion - image smear along the line of motion Drift - shift from one image to the next - river current, icebergs, clouds Changes: Changes Seasonal → spring - ground under trees → summer - tree canopy Weather change → rain, snow Construction in progress → trucks, workers Spread of crop stress → drought, diseaseTexture: Texture Gives a tactile sense - surface irregularities - texture scale > scale of detection - undulation - texture scale < scale of detection - roughness Can we determine texture remotely? Surface micro-shadows! - reflectivity may varying with angle of incidence and viewing angle - reflectivity may varying with wavelength (wavelength is the scale of detection)Contrast: Contrast Differences within an image - shape - colour / brightness - motion - textureWhat is Resolution?: What is Resolution? Spatial - physical dimensions, “Ground Sample Distance” - magnification of optics Brightness - reflectivity, material, incident light - sensitivity of detector Colour - material, coating, composition - colour of incident light Temporal - movement, seasonal change, health change, harvest, growth (city, forest) - freq. of observation, spatial motion & resolutionWavelength Dependant Processes: Wavelength Dependant Processes The wavelength can help use deduce the nature of the process at work Radio (meter) - deflection of free electrons in a magnetic field Microwave (mm) - vibration of molecules - 10’s - 100’s Kelvins Infrared (10-5 meters) - molecules and weakly bound electrons (Pachen series) - molecular and crystalline vibration (radiation of heat) - 100’s - 1,000’s KelvinsWavelength Dependant Processes (con’t): Wavelength Dependant Processes (con’t) Visual (10-6 meters) - bound electrons (i.e. Balmer series) - reflection of light sources - 1,000’s - 10,000’s Kelvins Ultraviolet (10-7 meters) - highly ionized atoms - 100,000’s Kelvins X-Rays (10-10 meters) - 10’s - 100’s million Kelvins Gamma Rays (10-14 meters) - nuclear processes - matter-antimatter annihilationIdentification of Targets: Identification of Targets Where is it? (navigation) - know position of imager - know relative position of imager and target Orientation - know viewing direction of imager, its rotation angle (orientation) of imager and target in image Scale - know size of image, distance to target, optics (mag) Distortion - image smear, optical/imager distortion - environmentally inducted distortion (vidicon tubes and planetary magnetic fields)OrbView-3 RS Satellite - Washington, DC: OrbView-3 RS Satellite - Washington, DC Washington Monument: Washington Monument Identification of Targets (con’t): Identification of Targets (con’t) Coping with Reality - haze - lighting angle Being Clever - thermal emission (airport, buildings) - multi-spectral imaging - hyper-spectral imagingEffect of Sun and Haze: Effect of Sun and HazeNo Shadows: No Shadows There are no shadows to help us identify these features.With Shadows: With Shadows Temperature of Great Lakes in Summer: Temperature of Great Lakes in Summer Temperature of Great Lakes in Winter: Temperature of Great Lakes in Winter Temperatures of Lake Superior: Temperatures of Lake Superior Finer detail – effects of islands, currentsInterpretation: Interpretation 1. Ground truth 2. Laboratory data (spectroscopy) - atomic/molecular absorption/emission - multi-spectral imaging - hyper-spectral imagingInterpretation - Resolution: Interpretation - Resolution The measurement of “Resolution” is multifaceted data must be interpreted in a regional context detectors have a finit size and “number of pixels” hi-res data covers a small area ability to detect find detail may compromise our ability to interpret the image low resolution data may be more useful than data of high resolution Global Chlorophyll Concentration: Global Chlorophyll Concentration 0.01 0.1 1 10 60 [mg/m3] - effects of coast lines, river deltas Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) Panama: PanamaMulti-Spectral Imaging: Multi-Spectral Imaging Uses both visual & infrared imagery - visual image for identification - IR Image for interpretation - disturbed soil - vegetation - water absorption - heat sources - vehicle engines, - buildings, - plant operationsTypical Soil and Crop Canopy Spectra: Typical Soil and Crop Canopy Spectra Non-Vegetated Land Areas: Non-Vegetated Land AreasGround Spectra: Ground Spectra Hyper-spectral Imaging: Hyper-spectral Imaging - detailed sampling over a broad range of wavelengths - narrow bands give spectra for every pixelTechniques of Remote Sensing: Techniques of Remote Sensing Passive Landsat, Spot, etc. NOAA – weather, crop, civilization management Active Microwave radar systems - RadarsatApplications : Applications Agriculture, Forestry and Range Resources - crop measurement, assessment and management - measurement of biomass on range for livestock - crop health monitoring Mapping - identify land use, changes in usage and growth Geology - mapping of land forms and features (faults), mineral identification and mapping Applications (con’t): Applications (con’t) Water Resources - mapping of water boundaries and water inventory - mapping floods and flood plains - measurement of and changes to glacial boundaries Oceanography and Marine Resources - mapping of near-surface features & those at depth - mapping of turbidity and circulation patterns - detection of marine organisms Environment - monitoring of surface mining and reclamation - detection and monitoring of and air/water pollution - monitoring human defoliation and deforestationComposites: Composites Discrimination of Human Eye - 200 shades of gray - 20,000 steps of colour! Colour images do not just look good, they can make visible fine gradations in detail.Composites (con’t): Composites (con’t) Used to contrast subtle differences between images of various spectral bands NIR (0.7-1.1 m) - discriminates between soil and veg. - lower reflectance off leaves with lower moisture SWIR (1.1-3.0 m) oil on water due to smooth surface - detects soil moisture content (crop drainage) MWIR (2.0-5.0 m) discriminates between mixed thermal emission (smoke and steam), sees through smoke LWIR (5.0-14.0 m) shows “warm” thermal emission - thermal inertia of objects, allows material identificationYellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988: Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988 Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988: Yellowstone Nat’l Pk 1988Yellowstone Nat’l Park Fire, 1988: Yellowstone Nat’l Park Fire, 1988Image Processing: Image Processing Calibration → Registration → Enhancement Calibration removes artificial distortions - Restoration - removes contaminating artifacts in original data (geometric, radiometric) - Rectification - corrects geometric distortions due to varied range distance, elevation, etc. Registration - images may have been taken with different instruments, magnifications and at different orientations - scales and aligns imagesEnhancements (Image Processing): Enhancements (Image Processing) A Law! Enhancements must not create detail. It may only reveal it by removing or suppressing unnecessary information. Enhancing causes information to be discarded. Raw images should begin with large dynamic range. Why? - magnification - brightness adjustment (lighten or darken) - contrast adjustment (increase or decrease) - spatial filtering (can bring out fine details) - subtract 2 images of different spectral bands . . .Some References - for interest only, not required for this course: Some References - for interest only, not required for this course http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/tofc.html http://research.umbc.edu/~tbenja1/index.html www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/ www.nima.mil/ocrn/nima/pub.html www.usra.edu/esse/essonline/resources.html www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Front/ overview.html Ataturk Dam: Ataturk Dam Aug.24/02 Aug.20/83 Southeastern Turkey - Electric Power - Irrigation Landsat 4 Multispectral Sensor image DamMerapi Volcano, central Java: Merapi Volcano, central Java Aug.24/03 Astronaut photograph ISS007-E-13327Okanogan Fire - 2003: Okanogan Fire - 2003 Kelona Burn Scare Burning Lake Kelona NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROSSoil Moisture Map: Soil Moisture Map NASA July 1, 2003Atacama Desert, Northern Chile: Atacama Desert, Northern Chile - not as it seems -“mineral map” - ground truth required for interpretation - powerful information at US$2000 per image NASA’s Terra satelliteRadarsat: Radarsat Radarsat Bus: Radarsat Bus Inside Payload: Inside Payload Synthetic Aperture Imaging: Synthetic Aperture Imaging Lines of constant Doppler Lines of constant Range Earth’s Rotation Path of SatelliteURLs: URLs ESA http://earth.esa.int/ers//esa_doc/doc_int.html CCRS http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/homepg.pl?e