Charles Gray Talk

Future Automotive Fuel Options/Implications: 

Future Automotive Fuel Options/Implications January 27, 2005 Charles L. Gray, Jr. Advanced Technology Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality

World Crude Oil Production: 

World Crude Oil Production Source: EIA – Department of Energy

Urgency of Planning for Transition World Crude Oil Production/Consumption: 

Urgency of Planning for Transition World Crude Oil Production/Consumption Source: EIA – Department of Energy

Choices… Decisions…: 

Choices… Decisions… Engines Incremental improvements to Gasoline Engines Clean Diesel Variable Displacement Variable Compression DI Gasoline HCCI engine Fuel Cell Free Piston Engine Fuels Low Sulfur Gasoline Low Sulfur Diesel Bio-Diesel Fischer-Tropsch Diesel DME (Dimethyl Ether) Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas/CNG/LPG Hydrogen Electricity Drivetrains CVT Electric Hybrids Hydraulic Hybrids The key is to select powertrains that are exciting to the consumer and are simultaneously cost-effective and ultra-efficient.

Energy Reserves (Quads BTU): 

Energy Reserves (Quads BTU) The World United States International Energy Annual 2002 – EIA/DOE Oil shale data is from World Energy Council

Slide9: 

Source: 1991 in-house staff study updated to 2000 dollars.

Key Driver is Economics: 

Key Driver is Economics

Non-Petroleum Highway Fuel U.S. Production Potential: 

Non-Petroleum Highway Fuel U.S. Production Potential (billion gallons, gasoline-equivalent) Note: From non- coal/shale feedstocks Source: In-house staff sensitivity projections.

Choices… Decisions…: 

Choices… Decisions… Engines Incremental improvements to Gasoline Engines Clean Diesel Variable Displacement Variable Compression DI Gasoline HCCI engine Fuel Cell Free Piston Engine Fuels Low Sulfur Gasoline Low Sulfur Diesel Bio-Diesel Fischer-Tropsch Diesel DME (Dimethyl Ether) Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas/CNG/LPG Hydrogen Electricity Drivetrains CVT Electric Hybrids Hydraulic Hybrids The key is to select powertrains that are exciting to the consumer and are simultaneously cost-effective and ultra-efficient.

Advanced Engine Options: 

EPA Clean Diesel Combustion 4 cylinder engine working, installed in mini-van Meets levels of Tier 2/bin5 NOx (without NOx aftertreatment) Maintains high diesel efficiency Working with industry on application to larger engines Public Announcement with International Truck and Engine Corp. – May 2004 Public Announcement with Ford – January 2005 Methanol Engine Great efficiency  40+% Paper in March 2003 SAE World Congress Advanced Engine Options

EPA Clean Diesel Combustion (1.9L Multi-Cylinder Evaluation): 

EPA Clean Diesel Combustion (1.9L Multi-Cylinder Evaluation) Engine Brake Efficiency (%) Brake Specific NOx (g/hp-hr) 42% 40-41% Pexhaust = Pinput + .1 Bar NOx below .2 everywhere

Slide16: 

Methanol “CPI” 4-Cylinder Efficiency Results 40% 40%

More Advanced Engine Options: 

HCCI Combustion 4 cylinder engine working, installed in truck Virtually “no” NOx or PM emissions Diesel like efficiency from gasoline Excellent engine for a series hybrid Paper in March 2004 SAE World Congress Free-Piston Engine Great efficiency -Hydraulic power directly from engine for series hybrids Clean 4-stroke cycle or High Power 2-stroke cycle Capable of Clean Diesel or HCCI combustion High Reliability/Low Cost potential: fewer moving parts Paper in April 2005 SAE World Congress More Advanced Engine Options

Emerging Engine Technologies…: 

HyTEC – Hybrid Thermal Energy Converter Recovers energy from engine exhaust heat, Works best with series hybrids or long haul trucks Variable Displacement Engine Allows optimum high efficiency use of a small displacement engine while retaining the option for sustained high power when needed Variable Compression Engine Allows low power, very efficient engines to also provide high power performance Emerging Engine Technologies…

Choices… Decisions…: 

Choices… Decisions… Engines Incremental improvements to Gasoline Engines Clean Diesel Variable Displacement Variable Compression DI Gasoline HCCI engine Fuel Cell Free Piston Engine Fuels Low Sulfur Gasoline Low Sulfur Diesel Bio-Diesel Fischer-Tropsch Diesel DME (Dimethyl Ether) Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas/CNG/LPG Hydrogen Electricity Drivetrains CVT Electric Hybrids Hydraulic Hybrids The key is to select powertrains that are exciting to the consumer and are simultaneously cost-effective and ultra-efficient.

Hydraulic Hybrid Configurations : 

Hydraulic Hybrid Configurations Mild Hydraulic Hybrid (Parallel) FULL Hydraulic Hybrid (Series)

Historic EPA Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid Test Chassis: 

Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid 80+ mpg combined city/highway mpg ~8 seconds 0-60 acceleration time No need for expensive lightweight materials (test weight 3800 lb) Led the way for subsequent demonstration vehicles EPA’s full series hydraulic hybrid test chassis. Historic EPA Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid Test Chassis Led to CRADA partnerships with Ford, Eaton, Parker, International Truck and Engine Corp.

Sport Utility Vehicle Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid: 

Sport Utility Vehicle Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid Full integrated hydraulic hybrid, diesel engine, clean packaging, cost effective, targets 85% mpg improvement from a conventional gasoline vehicle 1-3 year payback for consumer Showcasing the full use of hydraulics in a Ford Expedition. Exhibited at the 2004 SAE World Congress

Comparison of SUV Technologies… Consumer Payback: 

Comparison of SUV Technologies… Consumer Payback Progress Report on Clean and Efficient Automotive Technologies Under Development at EPA - January 2004 www.epa.gov/otaq/technology

Urban Delivery Vehicle - Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid : 

Urban Delivery Vehicle - Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid First-ever full integrated hydraulic hybrid delivery vehicle, targets 70% mpg improvement in city driving 2-year payback has attracted attention from fleets Partnership involving EPA, Eaton, UPS, International Truck and Engine Corporation, and U.S. Army Showcasing full hydraulic hybrid systems in an Urban Delivery Vehicle. Public announcement coming soon!