civil rights

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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OCCUR when EVERYDAY PEOPLE ACT COLLECTIVELY at the RIGHT HISTORICAL MOMENT Last updated Jan-08 © SF Freedom School 2007

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The Southern Freedom Movement as A CASE STUDY of how social movements HAPPEN

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1960 Sit Ins 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 1965 Selma 1964 COFO Freedom Summer 1961 Freedom Rides Some of the MAJOR EVENTS OF THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT 1954 Brown v Board AND Freedom from Fear and Freedom of Association BUT NOT FREEDOM FROM POVERTY OR FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATION

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World War II -----Cold War-------- LYNCHING Plessy 1896 Gandhi - Indian Independence 1963 Kennedy shot Events Occurred In the Context Of Larger Historical Forces African anti-colonial movements 1955 - Bandung, Indonesia The Great Depression Korean War

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Waco, Texas---1916 "This is the barbeque we had last night. My picture is to the left with a cross over it. Your son, Joe.”

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14 year old boy and his 35 year old mother Picture taken for postcard reproduction 50 people on bridge, posing for several hours. The photographer had to row out into the middle of the river and upstream enough to get everyone in the picture. Oklahoma, 1911

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World War II -----Cold War-------- 1960 Sit Ins 1955 Montgomery bus boycott King 1957 SCLC SNCC 1911 NAACP 1942 CORE 1965 Selma 1964 COFO Freedom Summer 1908 Springfield IL Race riots Panic of 1907 Plessy 1896 Gandhi 1961 Freedom Rides 1954 Brown v Board NAACP local chapters in S. est by black WW II vets CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 1963 Kennedy shot 1955 Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements LYNCHING

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ORGANIZATIONS: --Build Infrastructure and Coalitions --Develop experienced activists 1910 --- NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1942 --- CORE Congress of Racial Equality 1957--- SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1960 --- SNCC (snick) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1964 --- COFO Council of Federated Organizations = NAACP, CORE, SCLC, SNCC

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NAACP Silent March - 1917

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World War II -----Cold War-------- 1911 NAACP 1964 COFO Freedom Summer MFDP 1908 Springfield ILL Race riots Panic of 1907 Plessy 1896 Gandhi IN SOUTH: local chapters and youth chapters 1963 Kennedy shot Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1954 Brown v Board 1944 Smith v Allwright 1946 Morgan v Virginia 1917 Silent March 1915 Protests against Birth of a Nation LYNCHING

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1947 Journey of Reconciliation

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World War II -----Cold War-------- 1942 CORE Lynching Plessy 1896 Gandhi 1961 Freedom Rides 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements Congress of Racial Equality 1947 Journey of Reconciliation

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Jo Ann Robinson, in 1950 becomes president of Montgomery Women’s Political Council (est.1946 by Mary Fair Burks). Claudette Colvin, 15 yrs old is Arrested for not giving up her bus seat to a white person E.D. Nixon asked Parks to be test case. (Nixon is the local NAACP president, Pullman Porters union leader, member of Montgomery Welfare League, and member of Montgomery Voters League. ) Robinson calls for boycott after Parks arrested. WPC and NAACP call upon King to lead new organization-- Montgomery Improvement Association --to organize and sustain boycott 9 months before Rosa Parks’ arrest

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World War II -----Cold War-------- 1955 Montgomery bus boycott King 1957 SCLC Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 Gandhi Citizenship schools 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements Southern Christian Leadership Council 1965 Selma 1964 COFO Freedom Summer Freedom Schools

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1960 Nonviolent Sit-Ins Ella Baker and King invite students to Baker’s alma mater -- Shaw University to create SNCC Bob Moses goes to Mississippi in 1961 as SNCC organizer. Becomes co-chair of COFO in 1964, organizes MFDP In 1965, SNCC begins to organize around the concept of BLACK POWER in Lowndes County, Alabama. Stokely Carmichael uses expression in Meredith March in 1966

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Nashville Sit-Ins 1960 -- the DISCIPLINE of NVR Strategy: end segregation in all public places downtown -- dramatize issue and win over opposition. Can’t defeat segregation by violence (whites have monopoly over the use of force). Activists a tiny number so need sympathy of the white majority and the active support black middle class. Research: Find an issue that black women cared about -- Lunch Counters THEORY: Tactics: Research: Anticipate opposition tactics to sit in at lunch counters Escalate conflict: Mass arrests of “nice college kids” provokes outrage among black community -- they are ready to boycott downtown stores Seize the issue they give you: Bombing of black lawyer’s home creates opening to meet with mayor - agreement reached to desegregate public facilities. • September 1959, Lawson holds workshops once a week, few attend! • First Nashville sit-in, April 1960, 25 students • Second sit-in, 600 students Recruitment and Training: Goal: HUMAN DIGNITY AND FREEDOM

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-----Cold War-------- 1960 Sit Ins SNCC Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements 1965 Selma Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee World War II Gandhi

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World War II -----Cold War-------- 1942 CORE Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 Gandhi 1961 Freedom Rides 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements Interaction of CORE and SNCC

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World War II -----Cold War-------- 1911 NAACP 1942 CORE Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 Gandhi 1961 Freedom Rides 1946 Morgan v VA 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements Interaction of NAACP and CORE

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World War II -----Cold War-------- 1955 Montgomery bus boycott King 1957 SCLC Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 Gandhi 1932 - ----------------------------------------------------------- Highlander Folk School Citizenship schools 1963 Kennedy shot 1911 NAACP Rosa Parks African anti-colonial movements Interaction of SCLC and NAACP 1965 Selma E.D. Nixon

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World War II -----Cold War-------- Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements Interaction of SNCC with NAACP, CORE, SCLC Youth chapters NAACP local chapters in South Established by black WW II vets 1965 Selma 1961 Freedom Rides

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World War II -----Cold War--------------------- 1960 Sit Ins 1955 Montgomery bus boycott King 1957 SCLC SNCC 1911 NAACP 1942 CORE 1965 Selma 1964 COFO Freedom Summer 1908 Springfield ILL Race riots Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 Gandhi 1961 Freedom Rides 1954 Brown v Board NAACP local chapters in S. est by black WW II vets CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 1946 Morgan v VA 1932 - ------------------------------------------------------- Highlander Citizenship schools • Community centers • Voter Registration • Freedom Schools 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements

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MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER - 1964

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Fannie Lou Hamer speaking at the National Democratic Presidential Nominating Convention

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----------------------Local independent civil rights organizations---------------------- e.g., Women’s Political Council e.g., Montgomery Improvement Association e.g., Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 1957 SCLC Churches 1960 SNCC College Campuses Friends of SNCC 1910 NAACP NAACP local chapters Youth chapters The Importance of Infrastructure 1932 - -------------------Highlander--------------------------------------------- 1942 CORE Local chapters A Philip Randolph and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1925---------------------------------------------1950 1908 Federal Council of Churches-------------1950 National Council of Churches

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THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT Freedom from Fear Freedom of Association BUT NOT Freedom from POVERTY or Freedom from DISCRIMINATION

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Martin Luther King Jr. April 14, 1967 at Stanford University . . . the struggle is more difficult today because we are struggling now for genuine equality. It's much easier to integrate a lunch counter than it is to guarantee a livable income and a good solid job. . . . . . . so many people who supported morally and even financially what we were doing in Birmingham and Selma, were really outraged against the extremist behavior of Bull Connor and Jim Clark toward Negroes, rather than believing in genuine equality for Negroes. . . .

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Martin Luther King Jr. April 14, 1967 at Stanford University . . . . the white backlash is merely a new name for an old phenomenon. It's not something that just came into being because of shouts of Black Power, or because Negroes engaged in riots in Watts, for instance. The fact is that the state of California voted a Fair Housing bill out of existence before anybody shouted Black Power, or before anybody rioted in Watts. It may well be that shouts of Black Power and riots in Watts and the Harlems and the other areas, are the consequences of the white backlash rather than the cause of them.

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Martin Luther King Jr. April 14, 1967 at Stanford University . . . . And so there is a great deal that the Negro can do to develop self respect. There is a great deal that the Negro must do and can do to amass political and economic power within his own community and by using his own resources. And so we must do certain things for ourselves but this must not negate the fact, and cause the nation to overlook the fact, that the Negro cannot solve the problem himself. . . . . the Civil Rights movement must now begin to organize for the guaranteed annual income. . . . if we can spend $35 billion a year to fight an ill-considered war in Vietnam, and $20 billion to put a man on the moon, our nation can spend billions of dollars to put God's children on their own two feet right here on earth. . .

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Vincent Harding From Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker (1981) “. . . . This country has been changed [by the Southern Freedom Movement] . . . . Because this country has been changed, we must change too if we are going to continue to carry on the struggle . . . . You move into a struggle with certain kinds of visions and ideas and hopes. You transform the situation and then you can no longer go on with the same kinds of visions . . . because you have created a new situation yourselves. And if anybody has taught us how to be flexible and change and recreate our ideas and our thoughts as time has gone on, Ella Baker has done that.”

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Social movements occur when everyday people act collectively at the right moment in history What to do in-between social movements? AND study the Southern Freedom Movement as a case study of how social movements happen! Build infrastructures/organizations Create coalitions and community Study and understand tactics, strategy and issues Develop a repertoire of organizing skills Write songs, poetry and plays