Slide1: INDIA-EU ENVIRONMENT FORUM ‘Hazardous Waste Management in India: An Overview ’ By Dr. V. Rajagopalan, Chairman, CPCB, Delhi


Slide2: HW Generating Units & HW Generation Scenario HW generation in States - No uniform trend No. of Units generating Hazardous Wastes gone- up Factors responsible: Changes in regulatory classification: Change over from 18 waste categories with annual threshold limits to 36 processes and corresponding waste streams Emphasis on waste minimisation-zero discharge(Tanneries,textiles) Fly-ash,gypsum sludge excluded Units closed/New Units


Slide3: CPCB GUIDANCE FOR INVENTORISATION Published Sector Specific Waste Guidance Documents on Identification of HW Streams, Characterization and Waste Minimization Options: Study completed : Petrochemicals Dyes and Dye Intermediates Pesticides,etc(12 products) Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceutical. Study under progress: Electroplating Textile Industry Solvents manufacturing sector, etc. Pesticides,etc(10 products) Iron & Steel, Chrome Ore Processing, Aluminium


Slide4: Waste Stream wise Quantification of Hazardous Wastes


Slide5: Waste Stream wise Quantification of Hazardous Wastes


Slide6: Waste Stream Contd. ……..


Slide7: Waste Stream Contd. ……..


Slide8: Petrochemical Industry : Suggested Waste Recycling Options


Slide9: Recycling Options Contd. ……


Slide10: Suggested Waste Minimisation Options


Slide11: Waste Minimisation Options Contd. …..


Slide12: Qtty. in lacs tonne per year Hazardous Waste Suitable for Incineration, Recycling & Land Disposal


Slide13: HW Generating Industries & HW Generation – Comparative Figures


Slide14: HW Generating Industries & HW Generation – Comparative Figures


Slide16: No. of HW Generating Units


Slide17: HW Generation in ‘ 000 Tonnes


Slide18: HW generation


Slide20: COMMON HAZARSDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL FACILITIES ( TSDF): Absence of common facilities-temporary storage 1998 : World Bank study on setting up of CETPs in India 1998 : World Bank study on Development of TSDF. IX Five Year Plan: Central Support Initiated. States Support : help to accelerate the process Subsidized Allotment of Land ( Punjab, HP, TN, WB Maharashtra) Cash Subsidy ( AP, Maharashtra)


Slide21: Financial Viability of TSDFs Viability to be ensured at reasonable user charges Central / State Support Waste Assurance ( Zonation & Enforcement) Maharashtra-zonation Gujarat-left to market forces User Charges - Charges fixed at tendering stage-Maharashtra - Fixation - Tripartite consultation –A.P - Market forces to determine-Gujarat - Escalation in line with WPI Scale of Operation and operating area- determine user charges


Slide22: HW Disposal Facilities in in Operation Uttaranchal Jharkhand Chattisgarh 02 TSDF 07 TSDF 01 TSDF No. of sites Notified : 64 No. of sites Identified : 21


Slide23: Status on HW Generation & TSDF in Operation in Major States


Slide24: Common TSDF – Multi State Flexibility for Industries located on Inter State Border Problem facing smaller States/UTs Incinerable waste – Min. Scale of operation - about 1.0 ton per hour Practical Difficulties: Delhi, Chandigarh, Daman, Goa


Slide26: Steps Taken For Effective Implementation Of HW (M & H ) Rules Contd…… Published Guidelines : Guidelines for Transportation of H. Waste Guidelines for Consent to Establish or Operate - HW Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility Guidelines for Proper Functioning and Up-keep of HW Disposal Sites Guidelines for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment : Site selection for TSDF and Guidelines for “Setting-up of Operating Facilities. Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills. Guidelines for Common HW Incinerators. Manual on “Sampling, Analysis & Characterization of HW. Standards for Treatment of Leachate and Criteria for direct disposal of HW to TSDF. Environmentally Sound Recycling of HW .


Slide27: Finalized Guidelines contd… Guidelines for Transportation of Hazardous Waste: Regulatory requirement – Rule 7 ( Manifest System) NOC requirement for interstate transportation Type of containers to be used for transportation Packaging and labeling requirement Transportation vehicle registration & safety aspects Educational qualifications & experience of the driver Guidelines for Consent to Establish or Operate HW Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility. Regulatory regime for HW Authorization requirement as per provisions Conditions to be imposed in the authorization Special conditions w.r.to treatment, incineration Closure and post closure monitoring requirements


Slide28: Finalized Guidelines contd… Guidelines for Proper Functioning and Up-keep of HW Disposal Sites Regulatory definitions of Hazardous Waste Responsibilities of the Operator of a facility Requirements for setting up of TSDF as per HWM Rules Comprehensive analysis for waste acceptance Criteria to be followed for direct disposal to SLF Gaseous emission standards for Incineration Standards for leachate prior to its disposal Guidelines for Conducting EIA : Site selection for Common HWTSDF and Setting up of Operating Facilities Preliminary Impact assessment for selection of site Detailed site assessment and evaluation based on weightage Prediction of Impact on Environment Ranking criteria


Slide29: Steps Taken For Effective Implementation Of Hw (M & H ) Rules Contd…… Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills: Location criteria for selection of site for TSDF. Criteria for selection of liner system Specifications for liner system Probable impacts due to the TSDF Location for Ground water monitoring wells Post closure monitoring requirements Manual on “Sampling, Analysis & Characterization of HW. Procedure for sampling of Hazardous wastes Analysis procedures for analysis of HW listed under Schedule 2.


Slide30: Finalized Guidelines contd… Standards for leachate from SLF, for final disposal and Criteria for disposal of HW: Possible Methods of treatment of Leachate Standards for leachate before its disposal Waste Acceptance Criteria for disposal of wastes into SLF Criteria for direct disposal of HW into landfills ( based on 1:10 water eluate) Environmentally Sound Recycling of HW : Suggested Environmentally Sound Processes for recycling of I) Used Oil, ii) Waste Oil, iii) Non-ferrous metal wastes & iv) Lead bearing wastes


Slide31: COMMON HW INCINERATOR GUIDELINES: SPECIFIC POINTS Transportation, Storage, Analytical Laboratory Requirements, Waste Feeding Mechanisms Combustion Chambers – General Rotary Kiln Secondary Combustion Chambers Air Pollution Control Devices Monitoring Ash/slag Management Quench/scrubber Liquor Management Organizational Structure Others


Slide32: FLUE GAS EMISSION STANDARDS - HW INCINERATORS Contd…


Slide33: Note: All values corrected to 11% oxygen on a dry basis


Slide34: INDIVIDUAL INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC INCINERATION FACILITIES Industry specific incinerators handle known composition of either single or combination of liquid waste/solid waste/ and off-gases. Unlike common incineration facilities where only rotary kilns are in use, the individual industry incinerators may have Fixed hearth Fluidized bed incinerators Rotary Kilns Drum pyrolysers followed by combustion chambers etc.


Slide35: As industry-specific incineration facilities are to be designed for incineration of specific wastes, all the controlling parameters & operating conditions as in case of common incineration facilities may not be applicable for all the industries. Hence, a study on individual incineration facilities in following industrial sectors taken up: Pesticides, Bulk-drugs, Dyes & dye intermediates and Basic organic chemical industries In-depth studies including performance evaluation of incineration facilities being conducted at 3 facilities each.


Slide36: Operational Issues Calorific value of the HW : Calorific value of the wastes received is much higher than the designed average calorific value forcing reduction in feed rate. Injection of special wastes in drums is causing shoot –up of CO Feeding mechanism : Not all facilities can handle drums Injection of lime and activated carbon for dry scrubbing before bag filter is yet to be standardised. Monitoring & analysis of Dioxins & Furons Specific control measures of heavy metals in air emissions yet to be explored.


Co- Incineration of Hazardous Waste Having High Calorific Value: Co- Incineration of Hazardous Waste Having High Calorific Value International Practices: 250 Cement Works in Europe utilize HW Total about 3 Million Tonnes of Hazardous Wastes Suitability in Indian context: Cement Industry : 125 Units, spread across India High potential for use as secondary fuel subject to suitability


Slide38: Hazardous Wastes Considered Suitable Spent solvent from pesticide industry Paint sludge Sludges from oil refinery and petro -chemical industry Spent solvent from pharmaceutical units’ Coal tar from coke oven plants Used tyres etc., Benefits: Integrated solution to waste Management Conservation of fossil fuel resources. Immobilization of toxic and heavy material. Reduction in energy / cement production costs.


Slide39: Field Trials: Project on “ Use of High Calorific Value Hazardous Waste as fuels in Cement Kilns” involving CPCB, NPC, NCBM, CMA & GTZ initiated Three Cement plants selected for trail run in Karnataka ( Paint Sludge), Tamilnadu ( Used Tyres) & Rajasthan(CETP sludge). Trial runs have been initiated – to assess: Impacts, if any on quality of Cement and clinker concentration of various pollutants ( including Dioxins & Furans) being monitored. Guidelines to be evolved – Category –wise for use of HW in Cement Kilns


Slide40: Recycling of Hazardous Waste Import of specified categories permitted for Recycling using environmentally sound technology Recycling of hazardous waste is permitted for units registered with CPCB and having ESM Facilities. Guidance Document prepared on ESM of following Recyclable wastes : Used Oil, Waste Oil, Non-ferrous metals wastes Technology Up gradation: linked to scale of operation Large Gap between Demand and Supply w.r.t Lead , Copper and Zinc wastes. India favours free movement of recyclables.


Slide41: Recycling of Hazardous Waste contd… Recyclable Wastes for which State of Art Facilities are needed Mercury Bearing wastes. Nickel Cadmium Batteries Spent Catalyst E- Waste: Guidance document under preparation covering i ) Informal sector ii ) leaded glass precious metals recovery etc.,


Slide42: Thank You