gender

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LOIS J. McDERMOTT, Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY Copyright c 1996 by Lois J. McDermott. All rights reserved. Development of Sex & Gender

Who should use a women’s bathroom?: 

Who should use a women’s bathroom? a person with a penis, wearing a dress? (TV, TS, TG) a person with a penis, uterus, and ovaries wearing a dress? (Intersex) a mother with her son, age 4? a father with his daughter , age 4?

Western sex and gender variations: 

Western sex and gender variations intersexual transsexual transvestite drag queen female impersonator male impersonator fetishist cross-dresser androgyny cross-genderist androgyne andro- gynephile intergenderist he/she gynemimic adromimic autogynephile autoandrophile ambigenderist butch - femme

non-Western sex and gender variations: 

non-Western sex and gender variations cross-sex gender - Acault of Nyanmar (Burma) neither man nor women - Amer. Indian Two-Spirit (Berdache) both man and women - Hjiras of Indian in between gender - Muxe or Isthmus Zapotic

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Anatomic sex traits are congruent Gender is congruent with anatomic sex

Embryonic developmentweeks 1-5: 

Embryonic development weeks 1-5 sex chromosomes XX VS. XY 22 pairs of autosomes - direct growth of 5 sexually dimorphic structures primitive gonad two sets of internal ducts urethral primordia urogenital tubercle brain (hypothalamus)

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XX + autosomes male - female differentiation XY (TDF gene/ H-Y antigen)

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testosterone + MIS male - female differentiation autosomes + absence of hormones

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male - female differentiation autosomes + absence of hormones 5a-dihydrotestosterone DHT

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autosomes + absence of hormones FNBP estradiol male - female differentiation

Feto-natal binding protein: 

Feto-natal binding protein blood vessel hormone FNPB receptor Female trait Male trait

Reproductive Hormones: 

Reproductive Hormones Female Cycle E>A Male non Cycle A>E

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male - female differentiation high estrogen low androgen from the ovary high androgen low estrogen from the testes

Puberal Differentiation: Secondary Sex Characteristics: 

Puberal Differentiation: Secondary Sex Characteristics blood vessel hormone receptor receptor receptor breast tissue skin fat cells Mullerian cells follicles, ova pubic bone long bone - inhibit genitalia Wolffian cells hair follicles sebaceous glands larynx skeleton & muscle aggression sex drive

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING ANATOMIC SEX: 

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING ANATOMIC SEX Genetic Sex Gonadal Sex Prenatal Hormone Status Internal Structures External Genitalia Hypothalamic Status Reproductive Function Secondary Sex Characteristics

IntersexVariations: 

Intersex Variations NON-DICHOTOMOUS ANATOMIC SEX SOME TRAITS ARE INCONGRUENT 5+ RATHER THAN 2 ANATOMIC SEXES

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XX + autosomes adrenogenital syndrome exogenous progestin

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autosomes + absence of hormones adrenogenital syndrome exogenous progestin

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adrenogenital syndrome exogenous progestin ABNORMAL SOURCE OF ANDROGENS FROM FETUS OR FROM MOTHER

synthesis of sex steroids from blood cholesterol: 

synthesis of sex steroids from blood cholesterol cholesterol progesterone (P) testosterone (A) 5a-DHT (A) mineral corticoids corticosteroids estradiol (E) androstenedione (A)

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autosomes + absence of hormones FNBP adrenogenital syndrome exogenous progestin

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adrenogenital syndrome exogenous progestin SURGICAL CONSTRUCTION SURGICAL REMOVAL SURGICAL IMPLANT “TESTES” OR

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high estrogen, low androgen from the ovary adrenogenital syndrome exogenous progestin DELAYED

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adrenogenital syndrome exogenous progestin FEMALE MALE no testis in scrotum internal menses no ejaculation breast development

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androgen insensitivity syndrome XY (TDF gene/ H-Y antigen)

synthesis of sex steroids from blood cholesterol: 

synthesis of sex steroids from blood cholesterol cholesterol progesterone (P) testosterone (A) (internal ducts) 5a-DHT (A) (genitals) mineral corticoids corticosteroids estradiol (E) androstenedione (A)

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testosterone + MIS female structures suppressed by MIS androgen insensitivity syndrome

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autosomes + absence of hormones 5a-dihydrotestosterone DHT androgen insensitivity syndrome

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estradiol androgen insensitivity syndrome

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androgen insensitivity syndrome surgical construction

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high androgen, low estrogen from the testes androgen insensitivity syndrome

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FEMALE androgen insensitivity syndrome US Olympic committee labels as female

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DHT deficiency (guevedoces) XY (TDF gene/ H-Y antigen)

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testosterone + MIS DHT deficiency (guevedoces)

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autosomes + absence of hormones DHT deficiency (guevedoces) DHT ABSENT

synthesis of sex steroids from blood cholesterol: 

synthesis of sex steroids from blood cholesterol cholesterol progesterone (P) testosterone (A) 5a-DHT (A) mineral corticoids corticosteroids estradiol (E) androstenedione (A) a-reductase is absent

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estradiol DHT deficiency (guevedoces)

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RAISED AS GIRL WAIT AND SEE DHT deficiency (guevedoces)

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high androgen, low estrogen from the testes DHT deficiency (guevedoces) normal hormones

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DHT deficiency (guevedoces)

IntergenderVariations: 

Intergender Variations Dichotomous anatomic sex All traits are congruent Gender-crossing occurs spontaneously Gender-crossing is engineered

Western gender variations: 

Western gender variations Masc-hets; Fem.- hets, androgynous hets Cross-sex, cross-gender, - M/F TS, F/M TS Intergenderal - TV, androgyny gay-masc, swish, androgynous; lesbian - femme, butch, androgynous Ambigenderists- pangenderists

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cross-gender engineering in MZ male twin XY (TDF gene/ H-Y antigen)

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testosterone + MIS cross-gender engineering in MZ male twin

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5a-dihydrotestosterone DHT cross-gender engineering in MZ male twin

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estradiol cross-gender engineering in MZ male twin

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surgical construction remove testes cross-gender engineering in MZ male twin

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EXOGENOUS ESTROGENS cross-gender engineering in MZ male twin

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FEMALE cross-gender engineering in MZ male twin

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M/F Transsexual F/M Transsexual Transvestism/Cross-dressing Androgyny

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condemnation celebration 2 sexes 2 genders biologically determined fixed, involuntary expression many sexes many genders socially constructed, fluid, personal expression gender variations PROCREATIONAL RELATIONAL RECREATIONAL sex - sex + CELIBATE CHASTE ACTIVE EXPRESSIVE

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male to female transsexual XY (TDF gene/ H-Y antigen)

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testosterone + MIS male to female transsexual

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5a-dihydrotestosterone DHT male to female transsexual

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estradiol male to female transsexual

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male to female transsexual

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high androgen, low estrogen from the testes male to female transsexual

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male to female transsexual

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XX + autosomes female - male transsexual

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autosomes + absence of hormones female - male transsexual

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autosomes + absence of hormones female - male transsexual

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autosomes + absence of hormones FNBP female - male transsexual

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female - male transsexual

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high estrogen, low androgen from the ovary female - male transsexual

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ADULTHOOD female to male transsexual

transvestism: cross-dressing: 

transvestism: cross-dressing transsexual: create a congruent identity fetishist-auto(gyne/adro)philia: gratification from feeling fem/masc fetishist-gyne/andro mimic: gratification from being perceived as fem/masc gender role expansion: express both masc. and fem. aspects of personality drag queens - flaunting, spoofing “unmasculinity” female impersonators - a vocation, employment

androgyny: 

androgyny occupational and social roles decrease gender stereotyping - police offices, fire fighters, nurses, house-husbands personal sphere decrease gender stereotyping - hair styles, clothing emotional and sexual expression

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condemnation celebration 2 sexes 2 genders biologically determined, fixed, unalterable expression many sexes many genders social construction, fluid personal expression gender variations PROCREATIONAL RELATIONAL RECREATIONAL sex - sex + CELIBATE CHASTE ACTIVE EXPRESSIVE

path model of gender development: 

path model of gender development

sex versus gender: 

sex versus gender anatomic sex genetic sex primary sex (organs) secondary sex (body traits) reproductive function gender core gender gender role

contributing factors: 

contributing factors biological determinism psychosocial determinism biopsychosocial interactionism

Path Model of Gender Development : 

Path Model of Gender Development biopsychosocial interactionism biology creates physical structures, and hormonal influences biology sets a predisposition and range of possible outcomes psychosocial factors control the expression of the range

interplay between and biologic and psychosocial factors: 

interplay between and biologic and psychosocial factors genetic sex gonadal sex prenatal hormones internal structures hypothalamic struct. external genitalia assigned gender and rearing core gender identity gender role puberal hormones reproductive function secondary sex traits adolescent socialization adult gender identity

Path Model: 

Path Model genes xx xy prenatal hormones absent present gender label femal males gender rearing fem masc gender identity fem masc puberal hormones estrog andro adult identity fem masc. fem masc female male

prenatal differentiation of hypothalamic nuclei: 

prenatal differentiation of hypothalamic nuclei FUNCTION NUC TIME CON FEMALE CON MALE PUBERAL 1 20 W PF CYCLE TONIC HORM SEXUAL 2,3 BOTTOM TOP PLAY GENDER 4, 5 FEM MASC IDENTITY GENDER 5,6 FEM MASC ROLE EROTIC 7,8 MALES FEMALES INTEREST

Western sexual variations: 

Western sexual variations Heterosexuals - masc, fem Homosexual - gays, lesbians Bisexuals - masc, fem Ambisexuals - pansexuals Asexuals -