Lecture Three

Peacemaking: Military Provisions: 

Peacemaking: Military Provisions Treaty of Versailles German Army limited to 100,000 soldiers German Navy limited to 6 warships No submarines permitted No air force permitted Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, and Wilson meet at Versailles

Peacemaking: Territorial Provisions: 

Peacemaking: Territorial Provisions Treaty of Versailles Transfer of land to Belgium, France, Denmark and Poland Creation of Polish Corridor Demilitarization of area 30 mi. east of Rhine River New nations

Peacemaking: Guilt and Reparations: 

Peacemaking: Guilt and Reparations Treaty of Versailles Acceptance of ‘War Guilt Clause’: Article 231 Payment of Reparations = 132 billion marks Build 200,000 tons of shipping ¼ of merchant marine and fishing fleets ¼ of all coal production “This isn’t a peace, it’s a twenty year truce!” – Marshal Ferdinand Foch

The Rise of Fascism, 1919-24: 

The Rise of Fascism, 1919-24 Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Fascio di Combattimento, 1919 Squadrismo March on Rome, 1922 Matteotti Crisis, 1924 Benito Mussolini

The Nazi’s First Steps, 1923: 

The Nazi’s First Steps, 1923 Suspension of reparation payments Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops ‘Passive resistance’ Hyperinflation Beer Hall Putsch

World Economic Crises, 1923-39: 

World Economic Crises, 1923-39 German Hyperinflation, 1923 Dawes Plan Wall Street Crash, 1929 The Great Depression Removing money in laundry baskets from Berlin bank, 1923

Hitler’s ‘Seizure of Power’, I: 

Hitler’s ‘Seizure of Power’, I The Great Coalition, 1923-29 Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution 1932 Elections Hitler appointed Chancellor, Jan. 1933 Franz von Papen, Hitler and Goebbels

Reichstag Election Returns, 1930-33 (%): 

Reichstag Election Returns, 1930-33 (%)

SPD Election Posters, 1930-32: 

SPD Election Posters, 1930-32

Nazi Election Posters, 1932: 

Nazi Election Posters, 1932

Hitler’s Seizure of Power, II: 

Hitler’s Seizure of Power, II Reichstag Fire, February 27 Elections of 5 March Dachau, first concentration camp, 20 March By 1945, estimated 15,000 throughout occupied Europe Enabling Act, 23 March: Hitler made dictator for 4 years. Upon Hindenburg’s death in 1934, assumes title of Führer. Arrival of prisoners at Dachau, April 1933

Map of Major Nazi Concentration Camps, 1943-4: 

Map of Major Nazi Concentration Camps, 1943-4

Hitler and the Jews, 1933-38: 

Hitler and the Jews, 1933-38 1933-5: Exclusion April 1933 Boycott Exclusion of Jews from civil service, law, medicine, schools, armed forces 1935-38: Apartheid Nuremburg Laws Jews lose citizenship Legally defined as separate race Intermarriage and sexual relations illegal A Stormtrooper stands outside of a Jewish-owned business, 1933.

The Holocaust, 1938-45: 

The Holocaust, 1938-45 1938-41: Violent Persecution Begins Forced repatriation of Polish Jews, Oct. 1938 Kristallnacht, Nov. 9, 1938 Tightening segregation 1941-45: Holocaust Einsatzgruppen, June 1941 Wannsee Conference, January 1942 Extermination Camps Einsatzkommando execution In the Ukraine

The Extermination Camps: 

The Extermination Camps Auschwitz (1.1 million) Belzec (600,000) Chelmno (152,000) Majdanek (200,000) Sobibor (250,000) Treblinka (750,000)

The Policy of Appeasement: 

The Policy of Appeasement Remilitarization of the Rhineland, March 1936 Anschluss, March 1938 Sudetenland Crisis and Munich Conference, Sept. 1938 Invasion of Czechoslovakia, March 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact, Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1939 Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini at the Munich Conference, September 1938

The Second World War, 1939-41: 

The Second World War, 1939-41 Great Britain and France declare war, 3 Sep 1939 Invasion of Denmark and Norway, April 1940 Invasion of France, Belgium, Neth. & Lux., May 1940 Armistice with France, June 1940 The Battle of Britain (Blitz), Summer 1940 St.Paul’s Cathedral, London during the Nazi Blitz, 1940

The Second World War, 1941-43: 

The Second World War, 1941-43 Invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia, April 1941 Invasion of USSR, June 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 1941 North African Campaign, 1941-3 Invasion of Italy, July 1943 Siege of Leningrad, July 1941-July 1943 Battle of Stalingrad, Nov. 1942-Feb. 1943 German soldier shot crossing the Polish border, 1941

The Second World War, 1944-5: 

The Second World War, 1944-5 Fall of Rome: June 4, 1944 D-Day: June 6, 1944 Paris liberated: August 22, 1944 Yalta Conference: March 1945 Mussolini captured and killed, April 28, 1945 Hitler commits suicide, April 30, 1945 Germany surrenders: May 8, 1945 The corpses of Mussolini and his mistress being displayed in Milan, April 29, 1945

Military Losses in World War II (millions): 

Military Losses in World War II (millions)

Civilian Losses in World War II (millions): 

Civilian Losses in World War II (millions)

Divided Europe, 1945-9: 

Divided Europe, 1945-9 Yalta Conference: Feb. 1945 Roosevelt’s Death: April 12, 1945 Potsdam Conference: July 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed: August 1945 Division of Germany: 1947-9 The “Big Three” at Yalta

Cold War Europe, 1945-74: 

Cold War Europe, 1945-74 Soviet control of Eastern Europe, 1947-8: The ‘Iron Curtain’ NATO founded, April 1949 Soviet A-bomb exploded, August 1949: The nuclear arms race begins Warsaw Pact signed, 1955 Sputnik launched, October 1957: The ‘Space Race’ begins Sputnik is launched, 1957

Map of Cold War Europe: 

Map of Cold War Europe

The Crisis of Communism, 1970-1985: 

The Crisis of Communism, 1970-1985 World Economic Crisis of 1970s OPEC Stagflation Solidarity Movement in Poland, 1980-89 Charter ’77 group in Czechoslovakia Leadership Crisis in USSR Solidarity leader Lech Walesa

The Fall of Communism in Europe, 1985-91: 

The Fall of Communism in Europe, 1985-91 Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika Glasnost Electoral Defeat of Communists in Poland, 1989 ‘Velvet Revolution’ in Czechoslovakia, 1989 Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989 German Reunification, 1990 Demonstrators dismantle the Berlin Wall, 1989

Collapse of the Soviet Union, 1991-2: 

Collapse of the Soviet Union, 1991-2 Boris Yeltsin (1931-) August Coup, 1991 Communist Party suspended Pravda outlawed Republics begin to break away U.S.S.R. dissolved on 1 January 1992 Boris Yeltsin defends Russian Parliament building during the August Coup, 1991