Bacteriology

Bacteriology: PATHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: 

Bacteriology: PATHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Prepared & Presented by Dr. Siva Reddy Challa, Professor & HOD, Dept. of Pharmacology KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siddhartha Nagar, Vijayawada-520010 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Email: sivareddypharma@gmail.com

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Eukaryote Prokaryote Major groups Fungi, plants, animals bacteria Size > 5 m m 0.5-3.0 m m Nuclear structures Nucleus Chromosomes Classic membrane Strands of DNA (Diploid) No nuclear membrane Circular DNA (Haploid) Cytoplasmic structures Mito, Golgi, ER Respiration + Via mitochondria - Via cytoplasmic membrane Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote

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Arrangement of Spherical Bacterial Cells diplococci streptococci tetracocci sarcinae staphylococci Sphericalcoccus

The Micrococcaceae: 

The Micrococcaceae The family Micrococcaceae contains gram-positive cocci, 0.5-2.5 μm in diameter, that divide in more than one plane to form regular or irregular clusters of cells. All are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. The peptidoglycan di-amino acid is L-lysine. The three most important genera are: Micrococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus

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Micrococcus – aerobic, gram-positive, catalase positive, cell arranges mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters, nonmotile. They are often yellow, orange or red in colour

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Staphylococcus - facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive, usually form irregular clusters, nonmotile, catalase positive but oxidase negative, ferment glucose anaerobically. staphylococci staphylococci

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Streptococcus - facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, catalase negative, gram-positive, Cell arranges in pairs or chains, usually nonmotile , A few species are anaerobic rather than facultative.

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Bacilli divide only across their short axis, so there are fewer groupings of bacilli than of cocci. Rod-shaped bacteria Diplobacilli streptobacilli Single bacillus Coccobacillus

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Clostridium botulinus C. butyricum C. aceticum C. tetani C. putrificum Bacillus subtilis, B. Mycoides B. Pastturii B. megaterium B. Thuringiensis B. Anthracis B. Botulinus B. cereus Spore-forming rod shaped bacteria Almost all Spore-forming bacteria are Gram + Clostridium – Anaerobic Bacillus – Aerobic

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Nonspore - forming rod shaped bacteria Most nonspore – forming rod shaped bacteria are Gram - Representatives: Escherchia coli Alcaligenes Proteus Flavobacteria Pseudomonas Rhizobium Azotobacter

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Vibrio, Spirillum and Spirochete Some bacteria are shaped like long rods twisted into spirals or helices; they are called vibrios (like commas or incomplete spirals), spirilla if rigid and spirochetes when flexable. vibrio spirillum spirochete

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Actinomycetes Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria. Their morphology resembles that of the filamentous fungi; however, the filaments of actinomycetes consist of procaryotic cells. Some actinomycetes resemble molds by forming externally carried asexual spores for reproduction . Filamentous, High G + C content, Gram-positive (63 – 78% GC)

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Representive genera: Streptomyces Nocardia Actinomyces Micromonospora Streptosporangium Actinoplanes Frankia Over 500 distinct antibiotic substances have been shown to be produced by streptomycete. Most antibiotics are efficient against different bacteria. More than 50 antibiotics have been used in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture and industry Antibiotics Actinomycetes

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Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative bacteria

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Gram + Gram - Outer membrane - + Cell wall Thicker Thinner LPS - + Endotoxin - + Teichoic acid Often present - Sporulation + - Lysozyme Sensitive Resistant Penicillin Sensitive Resistant Capsule Sometimes Sometimes Exotoxin Some Some

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(A). Gram positive bacteria: (1) No outer membrane (2) Peptidoglycan layer (thick but highly porous) (3) No periplasmic space (4) Cytoplasmic membrane (B). Gram negative bacteria: (1) Outer membrane is present (2) Peptidoglycan layer (thin but highly packed) (3) Periplasmic space (4) Cytoplasmic membrane Cell Wall

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Unique to Gram-negative bacteria. - An “asymmetric bilayer ” structure - different from any other biologic membrane in the structure of the outer leaflet of the membrane. Maintains the bacterial structure a permeability barrier to large molecules (e.g., lysozyme ) and hydrophobic molecules. 3. Provides protection from adverse environmental conditions such as the digestive system of the host (important for Enterobacteriaceae organisms). Gram (-) bacteria: Outer membrane

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Gram stain

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STRUTCUTE OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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STRUTCUTE OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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Backbone: - N- acetylglucosamine & N- acetylmuramic acid - The backbone is the same in all bacterial species. Tetrapeptide side chain attach to N- Acetylmuramic acid. Peptidoglycan Synthesis

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Peptidoglycan A major component of cell wall Forms a “Meshlike layer” consisting: a polysaccharide polymer cross-linked by Peptide bonds Cross-linking reaction is mediated by: - Transpeptidases - DD- carboxypeptidases - Targets of Penicillin

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Gram (+) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (+) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (+) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (+) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (-) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (-) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (-) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (-) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (-) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (-) bacteria: Examples

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Gram (-) bacteria: Examples

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia gives rise to a polymorphous pustular eruption.

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Ecthyma gangrenosum is a bacterial skin infection (caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) that usually occurs in people with a compromised immune system

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important common cause of ocular bacterial infection

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Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus Bacterial: 

51 Staphylococcus Bacterial

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Infection of the hand caused by methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus .

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Salmonella typhi

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Typhoid fever

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Actinomyces

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Actinomycosis is an infection primarily caused by the bacterium Actinomyces

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Bacillus anthraces

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Staphylococcus Epidermisdis

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Clostridium perfringens

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Necrotizing Fasciitis caused by Clostridium perfringens

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Clostridium perfringens caused gas gangrene

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Stomach cramps are one of the symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning .

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Enterococcus faecalis

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Bordetella Pertussis

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Whooping cough caused by Bordetella Pertussis

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Chlamydia

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Haemophilus influenzae type b

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Diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b

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Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b

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Klebsiella pneumoniae

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Treponema pallidum

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Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum

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Yersinia pestis

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Bubonic plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans which is caused by the bacterium called as yersinia pestis.

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Thank You This presentation is Dedicated to Alexander Fleming, who is the person saved lives of many people dying from infections of microbes By discovering the Penicillin