Class 4

Slide1: 

John H. Pollitz Library 3rd Floor Offices Work:333-6241 Home:326-2698 PollitzJohnH@ambrose.sau.edu History 230-M

News From the South: 

News From the South

Themes of the New Nations: 

Themes of the New Nations Peripheral status Economics based on needs of industrial nations Export raw materials Gold, silver, nitrates, copper, bauxite Beef, coffee, sugar Import finished products Machinery Consumer goods

Slide4: 

© Library of Congress

How Well Prepared?: 

How Well Prepared? Communication Geographical barriers Jungle Mountains Trade lines never well developed Transportation poor Few navigable rivers Little capital to develop

Economics: 

Economics Wars devastated economies Began existence already in debt Skidmore – “economics produce social change which furnish the context for political change”

Social Structure: 

Social Structure Criollos – limited group with limited power base White Aristocracy Indians – Protections gone Regionalism more important than nationalism

Society: 

Society Fixed and complex in Colonial times As many as 16 different degrees Tension prior to Independence Opened up with Independence but renewed tension Mestizos could buy exemption to become “legally white” Upwardly mobile through military and politics

Military: 

Military Expected rewards Mestizo upward mobility Rise of the Caudillo Savior on the horse Political vacuum Power from military contacts Governments so poor; couldn’t hand out fruits of power

Government: 

Government Build from scratch Republican constitutions – new fangled importations Oligarchic republics develop Strong executive branch Fragile Taxes hard to administer Tariff dependent Borrowed money

The Church: 

The Church Not a unifying element Powerful in Mexico, Peru, Colombia Weaker in Brazil and Argentina Owned 50% of land Not taxed Some wanted to punish for support of Crown

Religion: 

Religion Litmus test for Liberals and Conservatives Liberals Freedom of worship Separation of church and state Public schools Conservatives Officially Catholic Church control of education Conservatives often won with backing of landowners and peasants

Economic Liberalism: 

Economic Liberalism Most important direction for the future Part of the Enlightenment ideals Not only the political but the economic Free Trade European focused Import export based Hoped to gain taxes from government monitoring of commerce Problem was that they were on the short end

Free TradeMantra of the 1800s: 

Free Trade Mantra of the 1800s Out went Wheat, nitrates, beef, sugar, guano, coffee, and cacao Down went Artisans Local industry In came Textiles Consumer goods Merchants and bankers Nascent industry needed protection Government revenues based on tariffs Governments in debt to industrial nations

The Rise of the Caudillos: 

The Rise of the Caudillos Agrarian based aristocracy did not honor political life After independence retreated to the haciendas Political void filled by the military or retired military

Argentina: 

Argentina Unitarians Liberals Urban Strong central government Anti-clerical Federalists Conservatives Rural Sharing power between national and provinces Supported Church Juan Manuel de Rosas

Juan Manuel de Rosas: 

Juan Manuel de Rosas Ambitious cattle rancher from the interior 1829-1851 Nationalist Unified the country Had an iron fist under that jacket

Juan Manuel de Rosas: 

Juan Manuel de Rosas Sarmiento – his theme was “whoever is not with me is my enemy” Red was the symbol of loyalty Had portraits placed in all the churches Finally people had to wear pictures of him Mazorca – federalist police that enforced loyalty Turned away British and French incursions

El Matadero: 

El Matadero The Slaughterhouse, by Esteban Echeverria A group of young men (Federalists) torture and kill another. His beard style looked Unitarian – trimmed in a U shape

Encarnación Ezcurra: 

Encarnación Ezcurra Rosas’ wife Woman in the background Handled affairs when Rosas off fighting Said of opposition: “but none of this intimidates me. I will put myself above it. And they will pay dearly” Heroine of the Federation

Economic Growth: 

Economic Growth Exports of meat, wheat, and agricultural by products Tied to England Needed labor Actively sought immigrants Italian and Spanish

Labor Movement: 

Labor Movement Never had a real peasantry to provide populist power base Urban labor Strong anarcho-syndicalist base Comes from Spain and Italy (Malatesta) 1902 – Ley de Residencia made it easy to deport any trouble makers Never co-opted into official labor movement

Chile: 

Chile Bernardo O’Higgins Conqueror of Santiago Only ruled from1818 – 1823 Rigged the constitutional congress he promised

Diego Portales: 

Diego Portales Classic caudillo Controlled from behind the scenes Situation where landowners content to have others in control

Portales: 

Portales General Joaquín Prieto was president in the 1830s Constitution of 1833 (in force until 1925) Centralized government State Church Presidential power

Economics: 

Economics Followed the export – import pattern Nitrates Growth in 19th century Led to war with Bolivia and Peru http://www.rtpnet.org/~felipe/Documentos/carta.htm Dropped when synthetic nitrates were developed

Mining and Labor: 

Mining and Labor Copper mining was crucial to economy Dominated by U. S. and British companies Labor movement native – more able to become part of the political process

Stability: 

Stability Conflict between Liberals and Conservatives won by Conservatives – Legacy of Portales Oligarchy of landowners with blood ties to the merchants Less city-rural conflict Population less polarized Strong economy Copper and Nitrates Wheat to California & Australia Education Manuel Montt – Minister of Justice and Instruction President after a 1848 revolution Enlightened conservatism

Vocabulary: 

Vocabulary

History 230-M: 

History 230-M