AZAASF1 Spatial Disorientation DEC 04

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Presentation Transcript

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION: 

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

Terminal Learning Objective: 

Terminal Learning Objective ACTION: Identify normal orientation, the nature of spatial disorientation, and associated illusions. CONDITION: While serving as an aircrew member STANDARD: In accordance with The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

Enabling Learning Objective #1: 

Enabling Learning Objective #1 ACTION: Identify the terminology associated with spatial disorientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

TERMINOLOGY: 

TERMINOLOGY Vertigo Sensory Illusion Spatial Disorientation Orientation or equilibrium (balance)

VERTIGO: 

VERTIGO

SENSORY ILLUSION : 

SENSORY ILLUSION FALSE SENSE OF REALITY

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION: 

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

Slide8: 

Sensory Inputs that Provide Equilibrium Visual Vestibular Proprioceptive ALL THREE SYSTEMS INTERGRATE TO FORM A COMPLETE MENTAL PICTURE

Enabling Learning Objective #2: 

Enabling Learning Objective #2 ACTION: Identify the role of vision in orientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

Slide10: 

Role Of Vision Vision is the most reliable sense used during flight Visual Vestibular Proprioceptive 80%Vision

ROLE OF VISUAL CUES: 

ROLE OF VISUAL CUES Orientation of vision requires: Perception Recognition Identification Orientation can be achieved by individuals understanding where objects are in relation to themselves

Slide12: 

The systems consists of two modes: Visual System Focal (Central) vision (30 degrees) Ambient (Peripheral) vision (175 degrees)

MODES OF VISION: 

MODES OF VISION Focal vision: Object recognition and identification Ambient vision: Detects attitude, motion, and cues. Orients us to our environment

Slide14: 

Focal (Central) Vision Done consciously Presents us with clear view Allows us to view colors Determines distance and depth perception

AMBIENT VISION: 

AMBIENT VISION Also called Peripheral Vision—done subconsciously, detects motion and attitude cues and helps to provide balance but has poor visual acuity properties

Focal/Ambient Vision: 

Focal/Ambient Vision Operate independently Frequent transition between the two modes

CONDITIONS FOR SPATIAL DISORIENTATION: 

CONDITIONS FOR SPATIAL DISORIENTATION The most predisposing condition for spatial disorientation is hovering at night with a lack of visual cues

Enabling Learning Objective #3: 

Enabling Learning Objective #3 ACTION: Identify the visual illusions CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

Slide19: 

False Vertical/Horizontal Cues (False Horizon) Occurs when the pilot subconsciously chooses the wrong reference point for orientation

Slide21: 

Fascination/Fixation TARGET HYPNOSIS TASK SATURATION

Slide22: 

Flicker Vertigo Caused by sunlight flickering through rotor blades Rotating beacons reflecting against an overcast sky or against the windscreen

Slide23: 

Confusion with Ground Lights Along seashores or rural areas Ground lights may be perceived as celestial lights Celestial lights may be perceived as ground lights

Slide24: 

Falsely perceived self-motion in relation to the real motion of another object Relative Motion

ALTERED PLANES OF REFERENCE: 

ALTERED PLANES OF REFERENCE Inaccurate sense of altitude, attitude, or flight path Mountains / Valleys

Slide27: 

Structural Illusion The phenomenon in which objects become distorted when visual obscurants are present such as rain, snow, sleet, or the curvature of a wind screen

Slide28: 

Do to a lack of visual cues, the pilots or crew members may perceive that they are higher than they actually are

Slide31: 

Crater Illusion An illusion that the aircraft is landing into a hole or crater, created when the search light is positioned too far under the nose of the aircraft CRATER ILLUSION

Slide32: 

Size- Distance Illusion Large Wide Runway Narrow Runway Am I too Low ? Am I too High ? 24 24

Slide34: 

Autokinetic Illusion Occurs when a static light appears to move when it is stared at for several seconds

Slide35: 

At night, an aircraft may appear to be going away when it is actually approaching REVERSABLE PERSPECTIVE

Enabling Learning Objective #4: 

Enabling Learning Objective #4 ACTION: Identify the components of the vestibular system CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

Slide38: 

Auditory Nerve Otolith Organs Eustachian Tube Opening to Throat Ossicles Middle Ear Ear Drum External Ear Cochlea Semicircular Canals VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM: 

FUNCTIONS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Visual tracking Reflex information Orientation without vision

VISUAL TRACKING: 

VISUAL TRACKING Maintains focus of the retinal image

Slide41: 

Reflex information

Slide42: 

ORIENTATION WITHOUT VISION

COMPONENTS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM: 

COMPONENTS OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Semicircular Canals Otolith Organs

FUNCTIONS OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: 

FUNCTIONS OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS Responsive to angular acceleration and deceleration Change in both speed and direction Detects yaw, pitch, and roll

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: 

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS Right angles to each other Contains endolymph fluid

FUNCTION OF THE OTOLITH ORGANS: 

FUNCTION OF THE OTOLITH ORGANS The Otolith organs are stimulated by gravity and linear accelerations Change in speed without a change in direction Sensitive to linear acceleration and deceleration (forward, aft, up, and down)

Slide47: 

FUNCTION OF THE OTOLITH ORGANS FORWARD ACCELERATION FORWARD DECELERATION FALSE SENSATION OF BACKWARD

Enabling Learning Objective #5: 

Enabling Learning Objective #5 ACTION: Identify vestibular illusions CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

VESTIBULAR ILLUSIONS: 

VESTIBULAR ILLUSIONS Somatogyral: Semi-circular canals Stimulated by angular acceleration: A change in both speed and direction Somatogravic: Otolith organs Stimulated by linear acceleration: A change in speed without a change in direction

Slide50: 

SOMATOGYRAL ILLUSIONS angular acceleration The Leans Graveyard Spin Coriolis

Slide51: 

Most common form of Spatial Disorientation THE LEANS

Slide52: 

Motion is usually undetected during a subthreshold maneuver (less than 2o)

Slide53: 

Pilot corrects attitude and compensates for the false sensation of turning in the opposite direction

Slide54: 

This illusion seldom affects both pilots at the same time

CORIOLIS ILLUSION: 

CORIOLIS ILLUSION Pilot enters a turn stimulating one semicircular canal Pilot makes a head movement in a different geometrical plane stimulating a second and/or third semicircular canal Results in overwhelming sensation of Yaw, Pitch, or Roll

Most likely to occur during an instrument approach Most often unrecoverable: 

Most likely to occur during an instrument approach Most often unrecoverable CORIOLIS ILLUSION The most deadly illusion

SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION (Linear/gravity dependent): 

SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION (Linear/gravity dependent) Oculoagravic Elevator Oculogravic

OCULOAGRAVIC: 

OCULOAGRAVIC Upward shift of gaze in eyes Instrument panel seems to move downward Giving the pilot a sense of “nose low” attitude Pilot will correct by pulling aft cyclic

ELEVATOR ILLUSION: 

ELEVATOR ILLUSION Occurs during sudden upward acceleration Eyes gaze downward Instrument panel seems to rise Pilot perceives a nose up attitude Tendency to “nose over” aircraft

Slide61: 

UPRIGHT UPRIGHT EXTREME AFT TILT AFT TILT OCULOGRAVIC ILLUSION Acceleration Nose high attitude

Slide62: 

UPRIGHT UPRIGHT EXTREME FWD TILT FWD TILT OCULOGRAVIC ILLUSION Deceleration Nose low attitude Most common in rotary wing aircraft

Enabling Learning Objective #6: 

Enabling Learning Objective #6 ACTION: Identify the proprioceptive mechanism of the equilibrium CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

Slide64: 

PROPRIOCEPTIVE SYSTEM

SEAT OF PANTS FLYING: 

SEAT OF PANTS FLYING Very unreliable means of orientation Dependent upon gravity Flying without reference to instruments

Enabling Learning Objective #7: 

Enabling Learning Objective #7 ACTION: Identify the classifications of spatial disorientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

CLASSIFICATION OF DISORIENTATION: 

CLASSIFICATION OF DISORIENTATION TYPE I - UNRECOGNIZED TYPE II - RECOGNIZED TYPE III - INCAPACITATING

UNRECOGNIZED Type I: 

UNRECOGNIZED Type I Pilot does not consciously perceive any indication of Spatial Disorientation False inputs from sensory organs or cues Crashes with smile on their face

RECOGNIZED Type II: 

RECOGNIZED Type II Pilot consciously perceives a problem, but may not know it is due to spatial disorientation Pilot can correct the situation

INCAPACITATING Type III: 

INCAPACITATING Type III Pilot experiences overwhelming sensations Conflict of sensory inputs Unable to properly orient themselves by use of instruments or visual cues

Slide71: 

Enabling Learning Objective #8 ACTION: Identify the dynamics of spatial disorientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

Slide72: 

DYNAMICS OF SPATIAL DISORIENTATION Visual dominance Vestibular suppression Vestibular opportunism

Slide73: 

VISUAL DOMINANCE A learned phenomenon where one incorporates visual orientation information while excluding other sensory cues (a very thorough cross- check)

Slide74: 

VESTIBULAR SUPPRESSION An active process of visually overriding undesirable vestibular sensations In flight, pilot develops suppression via repeated exposure to linear or angular acceleration

Slide75: 

VESTIBULAR OPPORTUNISM The ability of the vestibular system to fill any orientation void swiftly

Enabling Learning Objective #9: 

Enabling Learning Objective #9 ACTION: Identify the measures that help prevent spatial disorientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

SD PREVENTION: 

SD PREVENTION Instruments-trust your instruments Cockpit management Education/training Instrument proficiency Aircraft design

PREVENTION (cont.): 

PREVENTION (cont.) Never fly without visual reference points Maintain situational awareness Dark adaptation Never try to fly both VMC and IMC at the same time Avoid self -imposed stresses (DEATH)

Enabling Learning Objective #10: 

Enabling Learning Objective #10 ACTION: Identify the corrective actions to treat spatial disorientation CONDITION: Given a list STANDARD: IAW The Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine and FM 1-304.301

TREATMENT: 

TREATMENT Refer to instruments Develop and maintain cross-checks Delay intuitive reactions Transfer controls

QUIZ: 

QUIZ Click on the link below to access the Spatial Disorientation Quiz http://ang.quizstarpro.com Log-in and Click “Search” Tab Class Name = Spatial Disorientation

Slide82: 

Ensure the Instruments Read Right