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宗教哲學(一): 

宗教哲學(一) 越建東

開場白: 

開場白 什麼是宗教? 甚麼是哲學? 甚麼是宗教哲學?

宗教的一般特性: : 

宗教的一般特性: 對於超自然存在層面或神祇的信仰。 對於自然與人生歷程的超人力量的迎合與利用。 可以透過禱告或其他方式與神溝通。(體驗) 宗教表現與世俗的事務有所區分。(行為) 有許多宗教禮儀和特殊的宗教活動。 以特別的世界觀來安撫人心。(教義) 有相同信念而結合在一起的信徒與團體。(體制) 必須遵守某些規則。

各式各樣的定義: : 

各式各樣的定義: 一神論:對管轄宇宙並保有道德關係之永生之神的信仰。 榮格: 人心靈的一種特殊的態度。 佛洛伊德: 宗教是集體的精神病。 康德: 承認人的一切義務如神的命令。 Williams James:人在不受其他外界因素影響的心理狀態下,對神聖對象所產生的純淨的情感和體驗。

各式各樣的定義:: 

各式各樣的定義: 社會學:人類從不同的社會中所演變出來的 一套信仰、修行和體制 自然主義者:一套用來阻礙我們自由行使身心官能的禁忌 宗教性的:人類認識到所有事物是由一個超越我們知識的力量所產生的;宗教是人類對上天的回應

Oxford Dictionary的定義: 

Oxford Dictionary的定義 人類對一種不可見的超人力量之認可, 這力量控制人的命運。人類對它絕對服從、敬畏、崇拜。

功能性的定義:: 

功能性的定義: Functional definition (Keith Yandell): A religion is a conceptual system that provides an interpretation of the world and the place of human beings in it, bases an account of how life should be lived given that interpretation, and expresses this interpretation and lifestyle in a set of rituals, institutions, and practices. 宗教提供我們生活問題的診斷與治療方案。

甚麼是哲學? : 

甚麼是哲學? 一種系統性地思考真理、存在、實在、因果律及自由等諸概念的學問。 反思、愛智慧。 分析、辯證、推理、演繹、歸納、邏輯嚴謹、命題與矛盾。

Slide 9: 

construction and assessment of worldview that comes from texts, ideas, arguments, intuitions, scientific findings, personal self-examination, etc. Assertion with rational assessment. metaphysics (what there is); epistemology (what knowledge is and how it can be attained); ethics (what makes actions right or wrong, what makes persons good or evil, what sorts of life is worth living, etc.).

甚麼是宗教哲學? : 

甚麼是宗教哲學? 對於宗教所作的哲學思考。 以宗教的立場借鑒哲學的方法思考宗教問題。 以哲學的立場和方法思考宗教問題。 弄清宗教傳統中特定問題的性質。 檢視不同學科眼中的宗教(社會學、心理學、人類學、現象學、結構主義) 不等於宗教教誨、不等於神學、不等於替神的啟示護教。

assessment: 

assessment (1) of the rationality of religious beliefs, with attention to their coherence and to the cogency of arguments for their justification;

descriptive analysis and elucidation: 

descriptive analysis and elucidation (2) of religious language, belief, and practice with particular attention to the rules by which they are governed and to their context in the religious life.

Slide 13: 

The boundary between these two types is not always clear, but they can be illumined by considering their origins and some paradigmatic arguments from each. (2 can be objective, but 1 cannot be )

研究範圍:: 

研究範圍: 宗教學(以神學為主)的重要和特殊概念、命題。分析諸如上帝、聖、拯救、信仰、創造、啟示、永恆生命。 其他世界主要宗教的重要和特殊概念、命題。 宗教的一般性質。 宗教家的推理。 宗教現象、經驗與活動。 宗教與道德、哲學、科學之關係。

宗教哲學理論: : 

宗教哲學理論: 有神論(一神論、多神論、理神論、擇一神論、泛神論) 無神論 不可知論 懷疑論 自然主義 猶太-基督宗教、伊斯蘭教、佛教、印度教、道教。

作為通識教育課程之意義 : 

作為通識教育課程之意義 對宗教之核心教義與其哲學性的思考有基本的認識,以便能夠去學習、批判或欣賞社會上的宗教現象。 邏輯思考作為獨立思考的基礎 練習反思

問題與練習題 1: Argument 論述(a set of statements) : 

問題與練習題 1: Argument 論述(a set of statements) Argument A 1. Parking lot 1 is generally full by noon. 2. It is now noon. 3. Parking lot 1 is now full. 1&2: reasons for asserting, or believing 3. 1&2: premises; 3: conclusion. 1&2 are an argument for 3.

Argument B: 

Argument B 1’Parking lot 1 is now full. 2’It is a waste of time trying to find a parking space in lots that are full. 3’It is a waste of time trying to find a parking space in parking lot 1. 1’= 3. (conclusion  premise)

歸納與演繹: 

歸納與演繹 Argument A= inductive argument: If the premises are true, then probably the conclusion is true. If premises true, conclusion false invalid. Argument B= deductive argument: premises true, conclusion will have to be true.

Bad Argument: 

Bad Argument If Rams fans are clever, then James (who is a Rams fan) is clever. (If A, then B) James is clever. (B) All Rams fans are clever. (therefore A)

Invalid argument: 

Invalid argument 3 is false. (surely there must be Rams fans who are not clever) 1 and 2 could be true; but 3 does not follow from 1 and 2. The conclusion does not follow from the premises.

Valid argument: 

Valid argument If John is in New York, then Sally is in Boston. John is in New York. Therefore, Sally is in Boston.

Invalid argument: 

Invalid argument If John is in New York, then Sally is in Boston. Sally is in Boston. Therefore, John is in New York.

問題與練習題 2: 

問題與練習題 2 請提供一則valid argument (前提與結論必須皆為真) 請提供一則invalid argument(前提雖為真,但是結論為假)

問題與練習題 3: Argument from the simplicity of the soul. : 

問題與練習題 3: Argument from the simplicity of the soul. 1 Anything that cannot be dispersed is immortal; 2 (To be supplied by you.) 3 (To be supplied by you.) Therefore, the soul is immortal.

Slide 26: 

凡是擁有主權獨立的國家,都可以申請加入以成為聯合國的會員 臺灣是一個有主權的國家 所以,臺灣可以申請入聯

Slide 27: 

凡是擁有主權獨立的國家,都想要申請加入以成為聯合國的會員 臺灣想要申請加入以成為聯合國的會員 所以,臺灣是一個有主權的國家

Slide 28: 

Premise 1 Anything that cannot be dispersed is immortal. Premise 2 Anything that does not have parts cannot be dispersed. Premise 3 The soul does not have parts. Conclusion 1 The soul cannot be dispersed. (sub-conclusion from premises 2 and 3.) Conclusion 2 The soul is immortal. (Conclusion from premise 1 and conclusion 1)