First Level Master’s Degree Logistics Networks in an Enlarging Europe Sustainable Transport, Geographic Information, Logistics and Economic Integration in Central and South-Eastern Europe Module Economic Geography and GIS : First Level Master’s Degree Logistics Networks in an Enlarging Europe Sustainable Transport, Geographic Information, Logistics and Economic Integration in Central and South-Eastern Europe Module Economic Geography and GIS
A.Y. 2005/2006
Dott. Andrea Porceddu
Department of Geographical and Historical Sciences
Faculty of Economics - University of Trieste
Email. andrea.porceddu@econ.units.it
Tel. +39 040 558 7008
Slide2 :
Introduction to
Transport Geography
Transport Geography : Transport Geography DEFINITION
Sub-discipline of geography
It deals with movements of freight, people and information.
It seeks to link spatial constraints and attributes with the origin, the destination, the extent, the nature and the purpose of movements.
Fields of Transport Geography : Transport
networks Transport
demand Transport
nodes Information
systems Field
methods Population
geography Political
Geography Regional
planning Economic
geography Historical
geography Regional
geography Regional
economics Location
theory Natural
resources Resource
planning Environmental
studies Spatial
optimization Urban
geography Land
use Spatial
statistics,
modeling Cartography Operations
research World
geography ECONOMICS POLITICAL
SCIENCE ECONOMICS HISTORY MATHEMATICS,
COMPUTER SCIENCE PLANNING NATURAL SCIENCES ECONOMICS,
SOCIOLOGY Fields at the core of
transport geography Fields related to
transport geography Transport geography Fields of Transport Geography
Transportation as a Derived Demand : Transportation as a Derived Demand Working Activity Vacationing Derived Demand Manufacturing Commuting Taxi
Air travel
Touring bus Trucks
Containership Direct Energy Indirect Warehousing Transportation is not the same as logistics, it’s only a part of it!
Transport geography sub-sectors : Transport geography sub-sectors Distribution
Centres Suppliers Customers Industrial Geography Commercial / Retail Geography Geography of Distribution
The Spatial Consideration of a Movement : The Spatial Consideration of a Movement A B Walking Cycling Driving D(W) D(C) D(D) Friction of Space Movement Distance (D) Time
The Transport / Land Use System : Land Use Transport System Spatial Interactions Accessibility
Traffic assignment models
Transport capacity Economic base theory
Location theory
Traffic generation and attraction models Spatial interaction models
Distance decay parameters
Modal split Infrastructures (supply) Friction of Space Spatial Accumulation (demand) The Transport / Land Use System
Slide9 : Historical Evolution of Transportation
Roman Road Network, 200 AD : Roman Road Network, 200 AD 500 km Atlantic
Ocean Red Sea Black Sea Adriatic Sea Mediterranean Ocean
The Silk Road and the Arab Sea Routes : The Silk Road and the Arab Sea Routes Guangzhou Xi’an Lanzhou Dunhuang Turpan Hotan Kashgar Samarkand Merv Bactra Bukhara Rey Hamadan Baghdad Berenike Alexandria Tyre Antioch Constantinople Athens Rome Muza Aden Kané Muscat Sur Mogadishu Mombasa Barbaricon Barygaza Muziris Calcutta CHINA INDIA PERSIA ARABIA EUROPE EGYPT JAVA Indian Ocean Arabian Sea South China Sea Mediterranean Ocean Black Sea Caspian Sea Gobi Desert Taklimakan Desert Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Red Sea SOMALIA 500 Miles Malacca Bay of Bengal
Grand Canal System : Grand Canal System Hangzhou Suzhou Yangzhou Chuzhou Jizhou Kaifeng Luoyang Beijing Huaiyin Bian Canal
(Song) Tongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou Canal
(Yuan) Yangzhou Canal
(Song and Yuan) Jiangnan Canal
(Sui, Song and Yuan) Yongji Canal
(Sui and Yuan) Tonghui Canal
(Yuan) Yongji Canal
(Sui) Jiao-Lai Canal
(Yuan) 400 km Old course of
the Yellow River
(Song) Yellow Sea East China
Sea
Early European Maritime Expeditions : Early European Maritime Expeditions Treaty of Tordesillas Line (1494) Cabot (1497) Colombus (1492-93) Gama (1497-99) Magellan (1519-22) Cape Verde 370 leagues
Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century : Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century North Atlantic Ocean North America Africa Europe South America West Indies Dominant wind Trade Route Slaves, Gold, Pepper Sugar, Molasses, Fruits Tobacco, Furs, Indigo, Lumber 1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves
2) Flour, Meat, Lumber Manufactures 1 2
Industrial revolution : Industrial revolution Rocket, the first locomotive built by Stephenson
Ogden (Utah), 10 May 1869: Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines conjunction
Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869 : Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869 16,000 KM 10,000 KM
Geographical Impact of the Panama Canal, 1914 : Geographical Impact of the Panama Canal, 1914 NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA Panama Canal 21,000 KM 8,000 KM Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean
Slide18 :
Transport system
Transport modes : Transport modes Road transport
Rail transport
Sea transport
Air transport
Inland waterways (rivers)
Pipelines
Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs : Distance Transport costs per unit Road Rail Maritime D1 D2 C1 C2 C3 Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs
Modal split in Europe : Modal split in Europe Sea (within Europe) Pipeline River Railway Road years Source: EU Modal split in the European Freight Traffic
Freight Transport by mode : Freight Transport by mode
Market Share by Freight Transport Mode, United States, 1980-2000 (in ton-miles) : Market Share by Freight Transport Mode, United States, 1980-2000 (in ton-miles)
Modal Advantages : Modal Advantages
Slide25 :
Road transport
History : History PATHS: Horses and oxen were the first form of road transport;
ROMAN ROAD NETWORK built for commercial and military purposes for the transit of Roman chariots and troops
MIDDLE AGE: bad quality of roads; improvement during the Renaissance;
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: steam powered engines were developed, but most were too heavy for common roads
MODERN PAVED ROADS: increase in commercial flows =>
McAdam developed an inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate (known as MACADAM);
Roads basis put a few feet higher than the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from the surface (and hence the birth of the term HIGHWAY)
Road tarring to reduce erosion => tarmacadam, or TARMAC
NOWADAYS: Roadways are principally asphalt or concrete;
Asphalt is known as a flexible pavement
Concrete is a rigid pavement => heavier loads, but more expensive and requires more carefully prepared subbase.
Major roads are concrete and local roads are asphalt
Road statistics: ASECAP countries - Motorway Network length : Road statistics: ASECAP countries - Motorway Network length
Road statistics: ASECAP Network evolution (1995-2005) : Road statistics: ASECAP Network evolution (1995-2005)
Road statistics: ASECAP Network - Average daily traffic : Road statistics: ASECAP Network - Average daily traffic
Road Transportation Bottlenecks : Road Transportation Bottlenecks Traffic interruption Lane reduction Merging Distraction => CONGESTION
Recurring Congestion : Recurring Congestion Unused Capacity
The Vicious Circle of Congestion : Congestion Public pressures to increase capacity New capacity Movements are more easy Urban sprawl is favored The average length of movements increases The number of movements increases The Vicious Circle of Congestion
Slide34 : TIR System an overview
The TIR System : TIR System is an international transit system for goods carried entirely or partly by road
The only transit system with a world-wide coverage TIR - Principles The TIR System
Slide36 : 1949 - 6 Pioneer States: B, D, F,I, L, NL
2005 - 56 TIR operational countries
Additional Contracting Parties “Special”: the TIR System
“Special”: the TIR System : TIR CONVENTION SafeTIR Mutual Recognition of Customs Controls Controlled Access International Chain of Guarantee Secure vehicles & containers TIR Carnet “Special”: the TIR System
TIR - Strategic Benefits : Reduced delays and costs for international transit of goods carried entirely or partly by road
Encouragement of regional and international trade
Economic benefits for the countries concerned
Multilateral => access 56 TIR countries TIR - Strategic Benefits
Slide39 : Encourages the secure development of international trade (controlled access, traceability)
Reduces transport costs by reducing formalities & delays in transit
Facilitates transit movements by the application of standardised controls & documentation TIR = Secure Trade Facilitation
Slide40 :
Rail transport
History : History The first railways were built in Great Britain (also known as wagonways) in the early 17th century
Rail transport starts within the Industrial revolution period
(1804) The pioneer is Richard Trevithick, first steam engine locomtive prototype. Cargo: 10t / Average speed: 14 km/h
(1825) George Stephenson. Test of a machine on Stockton – Darlington line (43 km) able to carry passengers and cargos. Average speed: 20 km/h. ROCKET Cargo: 15t / Average speed: 30 km/h
First European national lines: 1832 France; 1835 Belgium; 1836 Russia;1838 Germany; 1839 Italy
USA
(1829) First U.S. line Baltimore –Ohio river and Augusta – Charleston (South Carolina)
(1850) 14.500 km for U.S. railways; 48.300 km in 1860
(1869) First U.S. transcontinental line Conjunction between Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850-1913 : Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850-1913
European Rail Network (in km), 1840-1914 : European Rail Network (in km), 1840-1914
Rail types : Rail types Standard gauge 1435 mm
Reduced gauge < than 1435 mm (1067 mm in Centre and South Africa, 1000 mm Swiss and South American mountain regions, and 914 mm); weight limits and reduced speed
Augmented gauge > than 1435 mm
Differences in gauge standards due to military strategy
These different standards have caused nowadays problems of interoperability between national railways
Railway density : Railway density Source:European Commission DG TREN
Railway Employment (in thousands) : Railway Employment (in thousands) Source:European Commission DG TREN
High speed network in Europe : High speed network in Europe
Italian Railway Network : Italian Railway Network Source:RFI
Slide49 :
Sea transport
Port Sites : Port Sites In a delta Margin of a delta Along a river Natural harbors In an estuary Near an estuary In a bay Protected
Basic Constraints of Port Sites : Basic Constraints of Port Sites Maritime Space Land Space Infrastructures Port Land Access Maritime Access Interface
Investments needed to start a new service : Investments needed to start a new service 7 2.500/2.700 TEUs ships
~ US$ 60Millions
+
1 set of containers
~ US$ 50Millions
Totale: ~ US$ 470,000,000
The Evolution of a Port : The Evolution of a Port Setting Expansion Specialization 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 Downtown Urban expansion Terminal facilities Port-related activities Rail Highway Water depth Reconversion 3
Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam : Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam
Slide55 : Intercontinental links
Slide56 : European regional sea services
Slide57 : North – South services
Slide58 : Europe and North America
Slide59 : WORLD SEA TRANSPORT FLOWS Sea transport is used for more than 90% of world trade In 2004: 6.542 millions of tons (more than 6,7% compared to 2003)
Slide60 : WORLD FLEET There are some 50.000 commercial ships for international traffic. World fleet is widespread in
more than 150 countries There are more than 80 world countries interested in international sea traffics and there are 3.000 harbours where world commercial ships land and load/unload different types of goods
WORLD TRANSPORT OF CONTAINERS : WORLD TRANSPORT OF CONTAINERS
Year Teus Growth
2002 68.200.000 -
2003 76.600.000 +12,3%
2004 84.000.000 + 9,7%
2005 92.800.000 +10,4%
Source: DYNA LINERS (2003)
Slide62 : TOP TEN CARRIERS
Slide64 : The 50 Largest Container Ports, 1950-2000 (TEUs)
Slide65 : *transhipment Ranking of the main 15 containers’ harbours in the MEDITERRANEAN SEA, period 2000 – 2003 (in thousand of Teu)
Slide66 : Other potential HUB ports in the Mediterranean * +*** * * ** +
Slide67 : Expected volume of containers in the Mediterranean
Traffic volume expressed in millions of teu and Mediterranean port saturation. (Source: Contship OSC) In 2010
Port offer will increase by 27,8 %
The traffic will augment by 38,9 %
The saturation percentage will exceed the 80% critical threshold
Slide68 : Comparison between Italian ports draught and other Mediterranean and Northern European ports Draught in meters Northern Europe Mediterranean Italy
Slide69 :
Air transport
Geographical Scales of Airport Location : Geographical Scales of Airport Location International / Regional Local
Airport Components : Terminal Isle Terminal Shuttles 1 2 3 Airport Components Airfield
Airport Hubbing Level : Airport Hubbing Level None High Percentage Passengers Connecting 50% 25% 0%
Airport Passenger Traffic per Continent, 1998-2001 : Airport Passenger Traffic per Continent, 1998-2001
Passenger traffic at the World's top 20 Airports, (2001) : Passenger traffic at the World's top 20 Airports, (2001)
European main commercial airports : European main commercial airports
World’s Largest Passengers Airports, 2001 (in millions) : World’s Largest Passengers Airports, 2001 (in millions)
Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2001 : Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2001 Atlanta Chicago Los Angeles London Tokyo Dallas / Ft Worth Frankfurt Paris
Airport Cargo Traffic per Continent, 1998-2001 (in metric tons) : Airport Cargo Traffic per Continent, 1998-2001 (in metric tons)
Freight traffic at the World's top 20 Airports, (2001) : Freight traffic at the World's top 20 Airports, (2001)
World’s Largest Freight Airports, 2001 (in millions of metric tons) : World’s Largest Freight Airports, 2001 (in millions of metric tons)
Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2001 : Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2001 Memphis Hong Kong Anchorage Los Angeles Tokyo Miami Frankfurt Paris
Airline companies: employment, fleet and turnover : Airline companies: employment, fleet and turnover