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Clean Energy Storage Technology: 

Clean Energy Storage Technology Developments in UPS energy storage for broadcast applications

Traditional Power Quality Configuration: 

Traditional Power Quality Configuration Utility feed Back-up genset ATS UPS Batteries Protected load

VRLA Batteries: 

VRLA Batteries Pros Proven performance Excellent dynamic response 5 minutes to >1 hr run time Acceptable reliability vs cost Cons 2 - 4 year replacement intervals Rising costs, longer lead times Unpredictable performance Temperature and cycling issues Health and safety issues Environmental impact

Batteries Are the Weakest Link: 

Narrow Yes Yes Yes Yes Environment & Safety Operating temp. range Hazardous materials Toxic, explosive gas emissions Disposal requirements Ventilation requirements Lifecycle Cost High Medium to Large High Unpredictable Low High Installation cost Footprint Maintenance Life expectancy Standby cost Air conditioning costs Slow Speculative Unpredictable Low ~2,000 hrs Reliability Recharge Diagnostics & monitoring State of charge/backup time MTBF Batteries Are the Weakest Link

Unreliable & Dangerous: 

Unreliable & Dangerous UPS lead-acid batteries swell, split, leak acid and emit lead and sulfuric acid vapors Also emit explosive gases Pressure buildup can result in battery housing explosions Swelling and splitting creates acid spills and releases flammable gases Explosive battery gas emissions literally blew the roof off of this building

Even Happened to Us: 

Even Happened to Us Second battery was too swollen to pull out of the case Swelling reached limit; began to rapidly emit sulfuric acid fumes and explosive gas After 4 yrs, a 0.2 kVA UPS in IT failed Sulfuric acid fumes filled the IT office UPS diagnostics had reported no faults or discharges for the 12 months prior

Leading Causes of Dropped Loads: 

Leading Causes of Dropped Loads Leading cause of failure: batteries Corrosion, normal aging process Drying out: the most common cause Premature failure Use/# of discharges Improper voltage charge Temperature >75°F Excess charge current Stained battery terminals Circuit breaker UPS component Logic board Utility/generator Other external Human error Batteries Other (<2% each)

Today’s Power Quality Configuration: 

Today’s Power Quality Configuration Utility feed Protected load Optional batteries Back-up genset ATS UPS Flywheel

Genset Start Reliability: 

Genset Start Reliability IEEE Gold Book (Std 493) Appendix L, Table XII: Compiled 6 large studies of genset starting characteristics Encompassing 25,000 emergency gensets Including critical and non-critical sites Critical gensets (e.g. at hospitals) are routinely maintained and are load tested every month Non-critical gensets are rarely tested or maintained, if ever 99.5% start on first attempt First attempt start certainty of critically maintained gensets at hospitals, etc. would predictably have much higher dependability

Flywheels: 

Flywheels Pros Compact footprint/high energy density Excellent dynamic response Low maintenance No HVAC needs Long design life: 20 years Much lower own & operate costs Cons Short runtime (seconds vs. minutes) “New” technology Higher initial cost than VRLAs

Flywheel Technology Evolution: 

Flywheel Technology Evolution Heavy (800 lbs) Large wheel Mechanical bearings Minor service every 6 months, major service every 2-3 years High standby power consumption Light (50 lbs) Compact cylinder Full magnetic levitation Inspection every year, moderate service every 6 yrs Very low standby power consumption “Low-speed” 7,200 rpm More mass means more energy Double mass = energy doubled KE ~ m (rpm)² “High-speed” 52,000 rpm More speed means more energy Double rpm = energy quadrupled

Flywheels: Carbon Fiber vs. Steel: 

Every year Every 2-3 yrs ($4K) Every year Every 3-4 yrs ($2K) None Never None Never -20 to 50°C 5.7 sq ft 1,300 lbs <45 dBA None Yes 1-2 hours -20 to 40°C 10 sq ft 3,800 lbs <72 dBA Needs Concrete Pad No 1-2 days Operation Maintenance Environmental Requirements Steel Carbon fiber 190 kWb 350–850 Vdc Symmetrical 300W 250 kWb 400–600 Vdc Battery-like 3000W Bearing maintenance Bearing replacement Vacuum pump maintenance Vacuum pump replacement Operating temp. range Footprint Weight Sound level at 1 meter Floor preparation Cabinet with casters Installation & startup time Maximum output power Voltage range Recharge vs. discharge Standby losses Flywheels: Carbon Fiber vs. Steel

Pentadyne Technology Highlights: 

Pentadyne Technology Highlights Flywheel module Rotating group

One Line: 

One Line Temperature Sensors Position Sensors To UPS Battery Input AC Aux Backup COM IGBT Power Converter Remote Monitoring & Controls (Optional) Sensors Speed Flywheel Module Soft Start DC Monitoring Motor Generator Controls Power Conversion Module Controller Magnetic Levitation Module

Flywheel Module Components: 

Flywheel Module Components

Technical Details – Vacuum Sleeve: 

Technical Details – Vacuum Sleeve Factory-sealed high vacuum Patented vacuum sleeve an integral part of the shaft Helical grooves draw molecules out of high-vacuum chamber No maintenance Never needs replacement NO VACUUM PUMP

End-User Benefits: 

End-User Benefits <50 kW to several MWs High power density, lightweight, quiet No HVAC needs Handles crowbar events without any detrimental effects on the load or on future performance Near-zero maintenance; high uptime availability Very low power consumption Programmable voltage to work with many UPSs Front serviceable; top or side cable entry User-friendly; remote monitoring capability Rolls into place; installs on any floor 5-year warranty

Bringing It Into Perspective: 

Slow Speculative Never ~2,000 hrs Rapid Accurate Always >50,000 hrs Broad None None None None Very narrow Yes Yes Yes Often Lifecycle Cost Reliability Environment & Safety Flywheel vs. Batteries Low Small Very infrequent 20 years Low to high None High Large to very large Very frequent 2-4 years Low High Recharge Diagnostics & monitoring Known state of charge Availability interruption Operating temperature range Hazardous materials Toxic, explosive gas emissions Disposal requirements Fire hazard permitting Installation cost Footprint Maintenance Life expectation Standby cost HVAC costs Bringing It Into Perspective

Lifecycle Cost vs. VRLA Batteries: 

Lifecycle Cost vs. VRLA Batteries Flywheels cost 50% more than VRLA batteries, but eliminating battery maintenance and replacement saves more than $100,000/flywheel deployed over the course of the flywheel’s 20-year design life.

Do You Have Space Issues?: 

Application Cath lab expansion 500-kVA UPS requirement Retrofit construction Do You Have Space Issues? Scripps Green Hospital – San Diego Solution 500-kVA GE UPS and three flywheels Fits tight space, eliminates HVAC needs Eliminated batteries Issues Many premature battery failures due to very frequent step loading 350 very brief discharges/week 300 sq. ft. UPS room for 150-kVA UPS with batteries Batteries for 500-kVA UPS would take space away from cath labs and add $70K in construction costs

Footprint Comparison: 

Footprint Comparison Floorspace needed by VRLA cabinets for a 300-kVA UPS is nearly double that of a similar capacity pair of flywheels (green). Compared to a one megawatt set of wet cells, the flywheel footprint is nearly 80% less (orange).

Experienced Battery Failures?: 

Application Co-location data center 80-kVA UPS with expansion plans NetAlliant Technologies - Chattanooga Issues >100 outages (most brief)/yr Experiencing battery failures without warning Some actually “blew-up” Footprint and maintenance considerations Experienced Battery Failures? Solution 80-kVA Liebert UPS and one flywheel Fits tight space, eliminates HVAC needs Eliminated batteries

Environmental Constraints?: 

Application Broadcasting studio and transmitter UPS in “unconditioned” equipment room WBRZ Broadcasting – Baton Rouge Issues Equipment room temperature unregulated Batteries were lasting less than 2 years Frequent outages due to thunderstorms and hurricanes Environmental Constraints? Solution 50-kVA Mitsubishi UPS and one flywheel Fits tight, unconditioned space (no HVAC needs) Installed in parallel with existing battery string, which will be phased out Plans to use another flywheel on UPS at remote DTV transmission site

Floor Loading Issues?: 

Application Supercomputer expansion DoD Data Center Issues Availability and reliability paramount Upper floor siting, floor loading issues Additional space requirement and floor loading issues would require additional construction cost Seeking alternative to wet cell battery plant and associated installation and maintenance costs Floor Loading Issues? Solution 4 x 625-kVA UPS systems with 20 flywheels Footprint savings Eliminates floor loading issues Eliminates need for batteries Planning larger flywheel installation later this year

Sustainability Concerns?: 

Sustainability Concerns? Which would you rather dispose of? A 20-year-life flywheel without hazardous or toxic materials….

Sustainability Benefits: 

Sustainability Benefits …or 20 years worth of lead-acid batteries? During its 20-year design life, each Pentadyne flywheel mitigates the dumping of 15,000 pounds of lead and hundreds of gallons of sulfuric acid into the world’s ecosystem. Lead acid batteries also emit ozone-depleting gases, contributing to global warming. An accurate representation of the number of VRLA UPS batteries requiring disposal for the same energy capacity and life of a Pentadyne flywheel

Example - Broadcast: 

Example - Broadcast 50-kVA UPS One flywheel & batteries Drivers: Eliminate “hits” on batteries Batteries replaced every 2-3 years Many cell failures between replacements Improve robustness of DC bus Not an air conditioned environment Significantly reduce maintenance Space constraints WBRZ Television Station: Louisiana

Example - Broadcast: 

Example - Broadcast 100-kVA UPS One flywheel Eliminated batteries Ride-through to genset Drivers: Short-term power interruptions: 110 events in one month Unconditioned space A major 8-hr outage shortly before making flywheel purchase decision KSBW Television Station: California

Example - Broadcast: 

Example - Broadcast 400-kVA UPS Three flywheels (N+1) Eliminated batteries Ride-through to genset WPDE Television Station: South Carolina

Example - Broadcast: 

Example - Broadcast 225-kVA UPS for two DCX Paragon DT One flywheel Eliminated batteries Ride-through to genset KDEN: Colorado

Example – Military: 

Example – Military Missle Silos: Hundreds of Sites Nationwide VFD energy recycling ICBM modernization program High inrush power needs Poor utility conditions at remote sites Pentadyne exclusive supplier >500 flywheel systems DX-A2 rated for national defense use

Award-Winning Technology: 

Award-Winning Technology Awards 2007 Buildings magazine: Editors’ Choice Top Product Pick 2007 EC&M magazine: Power Conditioning Product of the Year 2007 SearchDataCenter.com: “Back-up Product of the Year” 2006 World Economic Forum: “Technology Pioneer Award” 2006 Consulting-Specifying Engineer: “A Perfect 10” 2006 Frost & Sullivan: “Product Innovation Award” 2005 Frost & Sullivan: “Technology Innovation Award"

Pentadyne Power Corporation: 

Pentadyne Power Corporation Company Founded carbon flywheel technology in 1993 High-speed flywheel systems that provide a highly reliable DC energy source for critical power and energy recycling applications Numerous product and design awards Based in Chatsworth, California (Los Angeles area) Investors A venture capital funded company, Pentadyne has raised $40M+ to date and over $34M has been invested in developing our flywheel technology

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pentadyne.com