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Slide1:

Perception of Depth

Slide2:

The Retinal Image is 2-D, but what information is available to construct the 3-D environment? 1. Oculomotor Cues

Slide3:

1. Oculomotor Cues b) Accomodation

Slide4:

2. Pictorial Cues a) Occlusion (overlap) b) Size in the field of view c) height in the field of view

Slide5:

2. Pictorial Cues linear perspective texture gradient

Slide6:

2. Pictorial Cues texture gradient

Slide7:

2. Pictorial Cues atmospheric perspective

Slide8:

shading 2. Pictorial Cues

Slide9:

3. Motion Cues a) Motion parallax - when an observer moves, objects nearer the observer move faster than more distant objects A B T A H A T B H B

Slide10:

Motion Parallax

Slide11:

3. Motion Cues b) Deletion/Accretion

Slide12:

3. Motion Cues b) Deletion/Accretion

Slide13:

4. Binocular Disparity for Stereopsis

Slide14:

4. Binocular Disparity for Stereopsis -stereoscope (ViewMaster) -3-D movies in the 50s with red green glasses -Magic Eye fixate blue object -image falls on corresponding points in the retinae horopter - all images fall on corresponding points on the retina

Slide15:

4. Binocular Disparity for Stereopsis angle of disparity images of objects not on the horopter do fall on non-corresponding points on the retina

Slide16:

4. Binocular Disparity for Stereopsis the further away from the horopter, the greater the angle of disparity

Slide17:

4. Binocular Disparity for Stereopsis things in front of the horopter are in crossed disparity things behind the horopter are in uncrossed disparity

Slide18:

4. Binocular Disparity for Stereopsis Retinal disparity is sufficient to create the perception of depth Bela Julesz - Random dot stereograms must solve the correspondence problem

Slide19:

Slide20:

4. Binocular Disparity for Stereopsis autostereograms (Magic Eye) -disparity in a single image

Slide21:

Figure 7.25, page 241 Disparity selective cell Copyright © 2002 Wadsworth Group. Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Binocular Neurons in Visual Cortex are disparity specific

Slide23:

Binocular Neurons in Visual Cortex are disparity specific Visual Cortex LGN zero disparity “far” “near” -cats monocularly deprived for the first few months of life lack binocular cortical neurons and stereopsis

Slide26:

Perceived Depth and Size of objects MUST Be codependent -if perceived at the same distance, then they must be the same size -if one is perceived as larger, then it must be further away than the other

Slide27:

Size Constancy: We perceive an object's physical size irrespective of it's distance from us A <A We can do this because of depth information - size-distance scaling mechanism

Slide28:

Holway and Boring (1941) Subjects always matched the physical size of the test circle Subjects matched visual angle when cues were removed

Slide29:

Emmert's Law - the farther away an afterimage appears, the larger its size

Slide31:

Emmert's Law - the farther away an afterimage appears, the larger its size S p (S r D p = K ) X

Slide32:

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Slide33:

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Slide34:

Muller-Lyer Illusion conflicting cues theory

Slide35:

Muller-Lyer Illusion

Slide36:

Perceptual Illusions Which monster appears larger? The Ponzo Illusion

Slide37:

Perceptual Illusions The Ponzo Illusion

Slide38:

Ames Room

Ames Room:

Ames Room The Ames room is designed so that the monocular depth cues give the illusion that the two people are equally far away

Slide40:

Slide41:

Moon Illusion

Slide44:

assimilation theory (angular-size contrast theory) -moon appears smaller when surrounded by larger objects