biology project

PROJECT FOR KVPY : 

PROJECT FOR KVPY TOPIC : DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS MADE BY : SIDDHARTH JENA

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS: 

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS INTRODUCTION Biodiversity means the diversity of life forms . It is a word commonly used to refer to the variety of life forms found in a particular region. Diverse life forms share the environment, and are affected by each other too. As a result a stable community of different species comes into existence. Humans have played their own part in recent times in changing the balance of such communities. Of course, the diversity in such communities is affected by particular characteristics of land, water, climate and so on . Rough estimates state that there are about ten million species on the planet, although we actually know only one or two millions of them. The warm and humid tropical regions of earth, between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn, are rich in diversity of plant and animal life. This is called the region of megadiversity. Of the biodiversities of the planet , more than half is concentrated in a few countries – Brazil,colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Zaire, Madagascar, Australia, china, India, Indonesia and Malaysia.

CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION: 

INTRODUCTION All living things are identified and categorized on the basis of their body design in form and function . Some characteristics are likely to make more wide range changes in body design than others . There is a role time of time in this as well . So , once a certain body design comes into exis tence , it will shape the effects of all other subsequent design changes , simply because it already exists . In other words characteristics that came into existence earlier are likely to be more basic than characteristics that have come into existence later. CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION

THE HIIERACHY OF CLASSIFICATION -GROUPS: 

THE HIIERACHY OF CLASSIFICATION -GROUPS

DIVISION BY WHITTAKER: 

The classification Whittaker proposed has five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, and is widely used. These groups are formed on the basis of their cell structure, mode and source of nutrition and body organization. The modification Woese introduced by dividing the Monera into Archaebacteria(or Archea) and Eubacteria(or bacteria) is also in use. DIVISION BY WHITTAKER

MONERA: 

MONERA These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them show multi- cellular body designs. On the other hand, they show diversity based on many other characteristics. Some of them have cells while some do not. Of course, having or not having a cell wall has very different effects on body design here from having or not having cell wall in multi cellular organisms.

NUTRITION IN MONERA: 

NUTRITION IN MONERA The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be either by synthesizing their own food(autotrophic) or getting it from the environment (heterotrophic). This group includes bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, and mycoplasma.

PROTISTA: 

This group includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Some of these organisms use appendages, such as hair – like cilia or whip like flagella for moving around. Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Examples are unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans. PROTISTA

SOME EXAMPLE OF PROTISTA: 

SOME EXAMPLE OF PROTISTA

FUNGI: 

FUNGI These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. They use decaying organic material as food and are therefore called saprophytes. Many of them have the capacity to become multicellular organisms at certain stages in their lives. They have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin. Examples are yeast and mushrooms. Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent relationships with blue – green algae. Such relationships are called symbiotic. The symbiotic life forms are called lichens. we have all seen lichens as the slow- growing large colored patches on the bark of trees.

SOME FUNGI: 

SOME FUNGI

PLANTAE: 

PLANTAE These are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls . They are autotrophs and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Thus, all plants are included in this group. Since plants and animals are most visible forms of the diversity of life around us, we will look at the subgroups in this category later.

ANIMALIA: 

ANIMALIA These include all organisms which are multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls. They are heterotrophs. Again, we will look at their subgroups a little later in later slides.

GROUPS UNDER PLANTAE: 

GROUPS UNDER PLANTAE Plants that do not have well differentiated body design fall in this group. The plants in this group are commonly called algae. These plants are predominantly aquatic. Examples: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chara.

SOME THALLOPHYTTES: 

SOME THALLOPHYTTES

BRYOPHYTA: 

BRYOPHYTA These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom. The plant body is commonly differentiated to form stem and leaf- like structures. However, there is no specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant to another. Ex: moss and marchantia.

SOME BRYOPHYTA: 

SOME BRYOPHYTA

PTERIDOPHYTA: 

PTERIDOPHYTA In this group, the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another. Some examples are: Marsilea, ferns, and other horse tails. The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes have naked embryos that are called spores. The reproductive organs of plants in all these three groups are very inconspicuous, and they are therefore called cryptogamae., or those with hidden reproductive organs.

SOME PTERIDOPHYTES: 

SOME PTERIDOPHYTES

PHANEROGAMS: 

PHANEROGAMS On the other hand, plants with well- differentiated reproductive tissues that ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams. Seeds are the result of the reproductive process. They consist of the embryo along with stored food, which serves for the initial growth of the embryo during germination. This group is further classified, based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits, giving us two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms.

GYMNOSPERMS: 

GYMNOSPERMS This term is made from two Greek words: gymno – means naked and sperma – means seed. The plants of this group bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen and woody. Examples are pines and deodar.

SOME GYMNOSPERMS: 

SOME GYMNOSPERMS

ANGIOSPERMS: 

ANGIOSPERMS This word is made from two Greek words: angio means covered and sperma – means seed. The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants. Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons. Cotyledons are called seed leaves because in many instances they emerge and become green when the seed germinates. Thus cotyledons represent a bit of pre-designed plant in the seed. The angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seed. Plants with seeds having single cotyledon are called monocots. Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots.

SOME ANGIOSPERMS: 

SOME ANGIOSPERMS Example – monocot- paphiopedilum dicots- ipmoea

ANIMALIA: 

ANIMALIA These are organisms which are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic. Their cells do not have cell walls. Most animals are mobile. They are further classified based on the extent and type of the body design differentiation found.

PORIFERA: 

PORIFERA The word porifera means organisms with holes. These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support. There are holes or pores all over the body. These lead to a canal system that helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen. These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton. The body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues. These are commonly called sponges, and are mainly found in marine habitats. Some examples are in the next slide.

SOME PORIFERANS: 

SOME PORIFERANS

COELENTERATA: 

COELENTERATA These are animals living in in water. They show more body design differentiation. There is a cavity in the body. The body is made up of two layers of cells: one makes up cells on the outside of the body, and the other makes the inner lining of the body. Some of these species live in colonies(corals), while others have a solitary like- span (hydra). Jellyfish and sea anemones are common examples.

SOME COELENTERATES: 

SOME COELENTERATES

P. CTENOPHORA: 

Ctenophores commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic organisms with tissue level of organization. The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion. Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. Bioluminescence- the property of a living organism to emit light, is well-marked in ctenophores. Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means . Fertilization is external with indirect development . Examples – pleurobrachia and ctenophore P. CTENOPHORA

SOME CTENOPHORES: 

SOME CTENOPHORES

P. PLATHYHELMINTHES: 

They have dorso ventrally flattened body and are hence called flatworms . These are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings . Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ level of organization. Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface. Specialized cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are not separate. Fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages. Some members like planaria have possess regeneration capacity. P. PLATHYHELMINTHES

SOME ORGANISMS OF PLATYHELMITHES: 

SOME ORGANISMS OF PLATYHELMITHES

P. ASCHELMINTHES: 

The body of the aschelminthes is circular in cross- section, hence, the name roundworms. They may be free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals. Roundworms have organ – system level of body organizations. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals. Alimentary canal is complete with a well-developed muscular pharynx. An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pore. Sexes are separate (diocious) i.e. males and females are distinct. Often females are longer than males . Fertilization is internal and development may be direct ( the young ones resemble the adult) or indirect. Ex- Ascaris and Ancylostoma. P. ASCHELMINTHES

SOME ORGANISMS OF ASCHELMINTHES: 

SOME ORGANISMS OF ASCHELMINTHES

P. ANNELIDA: 

They may be aquatic or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes parasitic. They exhibit organ-system level of body organisation and bilateral symmetry. They are triploblastic, metamerically segmented and coelomate animals. Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres and, hence, the phylum name annelida. They possess longitudal and circular muscles which help in locomotion . Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages, parapodia which help in swimming. A closed circulatory system is present. Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion. Neural system consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve chord. Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious, but earthworms and leeches are monoecious. Reproduction is sexual. Ex- pheretima and hirudanaria P. ANNELIDA

SOME ANNELIDS: 

SOME ANNELIDS

P. ARTHROPODA: 

This is the largest phylum of animalia which includes insects. Over two-thirds of all named species on earth are arthropods. They have organ-system level of organization, they are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate animals. The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous exoskeleton. The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen. They have jointed appendage,. respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system. Circulatory system is open type. Sensory organs like antennae, eyes, statocysts or balance organs are present. Excretion takes place through malphigian tubules. They are mostly dioecious. Fertilization is usually internal. They are mostly oviparous. Development may be direct or indirect. Ex- locusta, bombyx, laccifer etc……….. P. ARTHROPODA

SOME ARTHROPODS: 

SOME ARTHROPODS

P.MOLLUSCA: 

This is the second largest animal phylum. Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic having an organ-system level of organization. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump. The space between the hump and the mantle is called the mantle cavity in which feather like gills are present. They have respiratory and excretory tentacles. The mouth contains a file like rasping organ for feeding, called radula. They are usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development. Ex- pila, pintacada, loigo etc………. P.MOLLUSCA

SOME MOLLUSCS: 

SOME MOLLUSCS

P. ECHINODERMATA: 

These animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles and, hence, the name echinodermata (spiny bodied, figure) . All are marine with organ-system level of organization. The adult echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical. They are triploblastic and coelomate animals. Digestive system is complete with mouth on the ventral or lower side and anus on the dorsal or upper side. The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system which helps in locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration. An excretory system is absent. Sexes are separate. Reproduction is sexual. Fertilization is usually external. Development is indirect with free-swimming larva. , Ex- Asterias,Echinus, Antedon etc…………. P. ECHINODERMATA

SOME ECHINODEMS: 

SOME ECHINODEMS

P. HEMICHORDATA: 

Hemichordata was earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum chordata . But now it is placed as a separate phylum under non- chordata. This phylum consists of a small group of worm-like marine animals with organ-system level of organization. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk. Circulatory system is open type. Respiration takes place through gills. Excretory organ is proboscis gland. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is external. Development is indirect. Ex- Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus. P. HEMICHORDATA

SOME HEMICHORDATES: 

SOME HEMICHORDATES

P. CHORDATA: 

Animals belonging to phylum chordata are fundamentally characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve chord and paired pharyngeal gill slits. These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with organ-system level of organization. They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system. P. CHORDATA

A CHORDATE: 

A CHORDATE

DIVIDENDS OF CHORDATA: 

Phylum chordata is divided into three subphyla: urochordata or tunicata, cephalochordata and vertebrata. Subphyla urochordata and cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates and are exclusively marine. In urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail, while in cephalochordata, it extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life. Ex- urochordata-: Ascidia,Salpa cephalochordata-: Branchiostoma(Amphioxus or Lancelet). The members of subphylum vertebrata possess notochord during embryonic period. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult. Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates. Besides the basic chordate characters, vertebrates have have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or four chambers, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation and paired appendages which may be fins or limbs. DIVIDENDS OF CHORDATA

CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA: 

CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA All living members of the class cyclostomata are ectoparasites on some fishes. They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration . Cyclostomes have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws their body is devoid of scales and paired fins. Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous. Circulation is of closed type cyclostomes are marine but migrate for spawning to freshwater. After spawning, within a few days, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean. Ex- Petromyzon and Myxine

CLASS- CHONDRICHTHYES: 

CLASS- CHONDRICHTHYES They are marine animals with streamlined body and have cartilaginous endoskeleton. Mouth is located ventrally notochord is persistent throughout life. Gill slits are separate and without operculum. The skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly directed. Their jaws are very powerful. These animals are predaceous. Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking. Heart is two chambered some of them have electric organs and some possess poison sting. They are cold-blooded animals i.e., they lack the capacity to regulate their body temperature. Sexes are separate. In males pelvic fins bear claspers. They have internal fertilization and many of them are viviparous. Ex- Scolidon, Pistris, Carcharodon etc……..

CLASS - OSTEICHTHYES: 

CLASS - OSTEICHTHYES It includes both marine and fresh water fishes with bony endoskeleton. Their body is streamlined. Mouth is mostly terminal. They have four pairs of gill which are covered by operculum on each side. Skin is covered with cycloid/ ctenoid scales. Heart is two chambered. They are cold-blooded animals. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is usually external. They are mostly oviparous and development is direct. Ex- Exocetus, Hippocampus, Catla etc………

CLASS - AMPHIBIA: 

CLASS - AMPHIBIA As the name indicates amphibians can live both in land and water. Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divisible into head and trunk . Tail may be present in some. The eyes have eyelids. A tympanum represents the ear. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior. Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin. The heart is three chambered . These are cold-blooded animals. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is external. They are oviparous and development is indirect. Ex- Bufo, Rana etc……..

CLASS - REPTILIA : 

CLASS - REPTILIA The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode locomotion . They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes. They do not have external ear openings. Tympanum represents ear . Limbs when present, are two pairs. Heart is usually three chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles. Reptiles are poikilotherms. Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct. Ex- Chelone, Testudo etc……….

CLASS - AVES: 

CLASS - AVES The characteristic features of aves are the presence of feather and most of them can fly except flightless birds. They possess beak. The forelimbs are modified into wings. The forelimbs are modified into wings. The hind limbs generally have scales and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping the trees branches. Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of tail. Endoskeleton is fully ossified and the long bones are hollow with air cavities. The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop and gizzard. Heart is completely four chambered. They are warm-blooded animals, i.e., they are able to maintain a constant body temperature. Respiration is by lungs. Air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration. Sexes are separate. Fertilization is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct. Ex – Corvus, Columba etc……

CLASS - MAMMALIA: 

CLASS - MAMMALIA They are found in a variety of habitats- polar ice caps, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands and dark caves. Some of them have adapted to fly or live in water. The most unique mammalian characteristics is the presence of milk producing glands by which the young ones are nourished. They have two pairs of limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying. The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair. External ears or pinnae are present. Different types of teeth are present in the jaw. Heart is four chambered. They are homoiothermous. Respiration is by lungs. Sexes exceptions and development. Ex- Platypus, Kangaroo etc………..

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