ANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETY  User Training : ANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETY User Training Centre for Environmental Health, Safety and Security Management


Slide2: History Sources/uses of X-rays Legislation Biological & Health Effects X-ray safety in the lab References Quiz Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training TRAINING OUTLINE


Slide3: IN THE BEGINNING…


Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)Discovers X-Rays: Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) Discovers X-Rays German physicist discover X-rays November 8, 1895 Studying cathode ray tubes, noticed that the fluorescence occurred even when outside light was shielded by black paper wrapped around cathode ray tube Discovery instantly revolutionized physics and medicine; lead to another field of research of radioactivity 1901 Nobel prize in physics awarded for his discovery


Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)Discovers Radioactivity: Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) Discovers Radioactivity French physicist discovers radioactivity March 1, 1896 Believed sun’s rays were absorbed by uranium then emitted as x-rays Due to overcast skies, returned uranium rocks to storage drawer on top of photographic plates Developed plates showed clear and strong images i.e., spontaneous emission of radiation by a natural material Shares Nobel Prize with Curies 1903


Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934)Double Nobel prize winner in physics & chemistry: Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) Double Nobel prize winner in physics & chemistry Contributes to W W 1 French war effort by making public pleas for fund to equip ambulances with radiology equipment Elected by Red Cross to be official head of Radiological Service Devised courses in radiology and taught doctors new techniques to locate foreign objects in the human body


Nobel Prizes forResearch using X-Rays: Nobel Prizes for Research using X-Rays 1901 (Physics) W.C. Roentgen discovery of X-Rays 1914 (Physics) M.von Laue x-ray diffraction from crystals 1924 (Physics) W. H. Bragg & W. L. Bragg crystal structure from x-ray diffraction 1917(Physics) C. G. Barkla characteristic radiation of elements 1924 (Physics) K. M. G. Siegbahn x-ray diffraction 1927(Physics) A. H. Compton scattering of x-rays by electrons


Nobel Prizes forResearch with X-Rays: Nobel Prizes for Research with X-Rays 1936 (Chemistry) P. Debye diffraction of x-rays & electrons in gases 1962 (Chemistry) M. Perutz & J. Kendrew structure of hemoglobin 1979 (Medicine) A. McLeod Cormack & G. Newbold Hounsfield computed axial tomography 1981 (Physics) K. M. Siegbahn high resolution electron spectroscopy 1985 (Chemistry) H. Hauptman & J. Karle direct methods to determine x-ray structures 1988 (Chemistry) J. Deisenhofer, R. Huber & H. Michel structures of proteins crucial to photosynthesis


Evolution of X-ray equipment: Evolution of X-ray equipment


Wimshurt Static Machine(circa 1890s): Wimshurt Static Machine (circa 1890s) High voltage for x-ray tubes was provided by a static machine or an induction coil Static machines were cheap and simple setup but could not provide as high a current as induction coils Some machines used more than 12 discs up to 3 ft in diameter


Induction Coil (circa 1900): Induction Coil (circa 1900) Until around 1910, the high voltages (104 volts required for x-ray tube operation provided by induction coils Operated off DC current provided by battery cells Eventually replaced by transformers


X-ray Timer (French)(circa 1900-1920): X-ray Timer (French) (circa 1900-1920) Timer permitted x-ray tube to be operated for up to 11 sec Physician turned the dial to chosen exposure, pressed button on top of clock Connected high voltage line (from induction coil or static machine) to x-ray tube 2 electrical terminals located below clock face


Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope (ca. 1930-1940): Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope (ca. 1930-1940) commonly seen in shoe stores in the 1930-1950s vertical cabinet with an opening at the bottom into which the feet were placed. image of the bones of the feet and the outline of the shoe could be seen through each of the three viewing ports on the top of the cabinet


Elephants????: Elephants???? Globe and Mail article February 3, 2004


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