Animal ID – 101Technical Overview : Animal ID – 101 Technical Overview Dale A. Blasi Kansas State University


Presentation Outline: Presentation Outline Introduction Automatic Information and Data Capture technologies Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ISO Standards Conformance/Performance Alternative radio frequencies


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Slide4: Mainstream Adoption of RFID to Begin in 2008 *496 managers’ plans for RFID in next two years www.amrresearch.com Supply andamp; Chain, September 2005; Vol, 25, No. 9


Slide5: Wal-Mart’s RFID projections $6.7 Billion – Labor costs reduced by 15% $600 Million – Monitoring on-shelf availability $575 Million – Asset tracking, vendor fraud $300 Million – Tracking andgt;1 billion pallets, cases $180 Million – Reduced inventory and annual costs of carrying that inventory Total pre-tax savings= $8.35 Billion RFID Journal – Sept. 15, 2003


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Why is Visual ID not Sufficient by Itself?: Why is Visual ID not Sufficient by Itself? Does not identify animals as unique individuals that correlate back to a single herd Does not indicate herd of origin Does not meet the international requirements as a valid form of identification Does not facilitate the recall or collection of information in an accurate and timely manner


Why Electronic ID? (eID): Why Electronic ID? (eID) Provides the linkage necessary for converting data into accessible and useable information with greater accuracy and timeliness


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Slide13: Bar Codes = Locational Specificity


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What is Radio Frequency ID? : What is Radio Frequency ID? Sister technology to barcodes Radio waves vs light waves Reads through non-metallic materials Does not require line-of-sight Withstand harsh environments


Slide17: Components of an Electronic ID System Reader broadcasts signal through antenna Transponder receives signal Transponder is charged with enough energy to send back an identifying response Software = Decision Making


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What is ISO?: What is ISO? ISO = International Organization for Standardization Derivation of Greek isos, meaning 'equal' Worldwide federation of national standards bodies from @ 140 countries. Developed in 1947, ISO is a non-governmental organization


ISO Standards – What are They?: ISO Standards – What are They? Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their intended purpose.


ISO Standards What They Are Not: ISO Standards What They Are Not ISO standards have no legal status of their own International standards provide a template for member bodies to develop their own standards. Regulators may adopt standards unchanged, or modify to suit local conditions or requirements The intent is to produce standards that are internationally compatible, consistent and clear


Slide22: ISO 11784 – Agricultural Equipment – Radio Frequency Identification of Animals Code structure ISO 11785 – Agricultural Equipment – Radio Frequency Identification of Animals Technical concept


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ISO 11785: ISO 11785 Transponders (tags) meet req. set forth by clause 6 of the international standard Tranceivers (readers) are in conformance provided they meet the req. set forth by clause 6 and annex A, provided the latter is applicable Clause 6 sets forth the activation field and frequency (134.2 + 13.42 x 10-3) and defines the timing sequence for both HDX and FDXb air interfaces ISO does not have the responsibility of determining compliance with ISO standards


Slide25: ISO 11785 permits either one-way at a time signal transmission (HDX) or simultaneous two-way signal transmission. It is necessary to have the combination of the two systems into one reader in order to be an ISO-compliant reader. Combining both systems slightly deteriorates their performance. FDX functions better without the interruption of the activation field, necessary for HDX Half duplex (HDX) and Full duplex (FDX)


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Slide27: Full duplex (FDX) As soon as the FDX transponder has received sufficient energy, it starts transmitting its code. FDX transponders keep repeating code during activation.


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Slide29: Half duplex (HDX) HDX transponder equipped with a capacitor The capacitor is charged by the voltage which develops over the antenna in the activation field As soon as a 3dB decay in the activation field is detected, it waits one additional millisec and begins to transmit its contents Frequency shift keying Binary: 1 = 124.2 kHz; 0 = 134.2 kHz


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Slide31: Components of an Electronic Identification (RFID) System


Slide32: TRANSmitter/resPONDER Passive vs active Data carrying options Data read rates Programming options Physical form Costs


Slide33: Passive vs Active Transponders Passive No internal battery Lighter Less expensive Virtual unlimited operational life Active Internal battery- finite lifetime Read/write devices Greater size/cost Greater communication range Higher data transmission rates


Slide34: Data Carrying Options Identifier Numeric/alpha-numeric string for ID purposes Simple 'lookup' number Portable data files Decentralized database Increased tag complexity usually accompanied by an increase in the data memory of the device which, in turn, generally reflects an increase in cost


Slide35: Data Read Rates The higher the frequency, the higher the data transfer rates


Slide36: Physical form


Slide37: Transponder cost Complexity of circuit function Construction and memory capacity Manner in which the transponder is packaged


Slide38: Functions: Transmit and receive RF signals Contain a control unit to execute commands Incorporate an interface to transfer data Receives commands from the host computer Responds to software commands from the host computer Reader/Interrogator/Scanner


Slide39: Readers can differ considerably Depends upon the type of transponders being supported Intended function Handheld vs stationary Sophisticated functions Signal conditioning Parity error checking and correction


Challenges/Issues RFID: Challenges/Issues RFID Environment Read range Contention


Slide41: Factors that affect Reader Range Power available to the reader Power available within the tag to respond Antenna characteristics and size Competition from other devices emitting electric signals


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Dielectric Materials: Dielectric Materials Materials that freely: Conduct radio energy Absorb it Detune it Reflect it Liquids and metals present the biggest challenges


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Slide48: Defined… Term(s) used to denote an event when two or more transponders compete for attention from the reader at the same time resulting in potential misreading. Anti-contention/collision:


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Evaluation of RFID Hardware: Evaluation of RFID Hardware Driven by Producer questions Pilot project needs and findings Alternative technologies to ISO Confidence in products for export


International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR): International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) Primary mission Standardize procedures and methods used in recording of livestock data Establish test procedures for the approval of equipment and methods for recording data Based on general agreement with ISO (Resolution ISO/TC 23/SC 19 N 113, No. 45; August, 1996), ICAR has been developing procedures to verify compliance of RFID systems with the standards and the user requirements


Slide62: Categories for the Testing of Identification Devices


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ICAR Transceiver – “Reader” Conformance Test: ICAR Transceiver – 'Reader' Conformance Test 2.1 – Physical appearance 2.2 – Frequency of activation field (134.2 kHz + 10-4) 2.3 – Field strength of activation field 2.4 – Functional test 2.5 – Timing of the activation field


ICAR Transponder Conformance Test: ICAR Transponder Conformance Test Resonance frequency of 50 transponders has to be in accordance with ISO 11785 (134.2 kHz + 3 kHz) Transponders read out with a reference reader, return signal is demodulated and converted to basic bit stream, fed directly into a computer and stored in a test file Received bit pattern ID code Country code Data block flag Reserved field Animal bit CRC - check


Performance Parameter Considerations: Performance Parameter Considerations Read range x orientation (tag trolley) Read speed (belt reader) Resonance frequency (KHz) Tag response mVolt (134.2 KHz) Pull apart force (newtons) Practical Animal Mgt. scenarios


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Slide70: Figure 2. Repeat measurement of figure 1. Stick antenna is 3 m from the transmitting antenna in a horizontal orientation perpendicular to the face of the transmitting antenna. Peak measured power of -43.92 dBm occurred at 134.1875 kHz. Room lights were turned on.


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Read Distance of Four eID Tags as Influenced by Reader : Read Distance of Four eID Tags as Influenced by Reader 50 tags were randomly selected to represent each manufacturer


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Analysis of Performance of FDX-b Transponders: Analysis of Performance of FDX-b Transponders Manufacturer Resonance Freq Tag Response (mVolt) A 129.0 30 A 128.7 23 B 124.0 no response B 125.0 no response C 131.0 23 D 134.0 79 D 133.9 78 D 134.6 80 E 135.2 39 E 135.6 39 E 135.0 40


Practical Animal Management Scenarios: Practical Animal Management Scenarios Speed Collision Read distance Orientation


Slide77: Bryant et al., 2005


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Slide79: Radio Frequency Spectrum


ISO 14223-1: ISO 14223-1 Radiofrequency identification of animals – Advanced transponders – Backend compatible with ISO 11784/11785 Application of advanced technologies: Facilitates the storage and retrieval of additional information, Implementation of authentication methods Reading of data of integrated sensors and misc technologies


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Animal ID Resources: Animal ID Resources www.beefstockerusa.org


Slide83: Dale A. Blasi Professor/Beef Specialist Kansas State University dblasi@ksu.edu