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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Physical Hazards Noise, Radiation, and Ergonomics: Physical Hazards Noise, Radiation, and ErgonomicsNOISE AND ITS EFFECT ON HEARING: NOISE AND ITS EFFECT ON HEARINGIntroduction: Introduction Definitions Biological Process of Hearing Two Types of Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss Sensory Hearing Loss Regulatory Levels Audiometric Testing Measuring NoiseDefinitions: Definitions Sound: Composed of Frequency and Intensity Frequency or pitch: Hertz (Hz) Intensity or loudness: Decibels (dBA) A doubling of the level of sound is perceived as less than double Do not trust your earsBiological Process of Hearing: Biological Process of Hearing Outer ear collects sound energy (pressure waves) Sound travels down the ear canal to the eardrum Sound waves set the eardrum in motion Biological Processes of Hearing: Biological Processes of Hearing Inside the cochlea, hair cells bend as waves pass by sending pulses via the auditory nerve to the brain. Sound energy is converted from mechanical vibrations to fluid waves to electrical pulses.Two Types of Hearing Loss: Two Types of Hearing Loss Conductive SensoryConductive Hearing Loss: Conductive Hearing Loss Caused by damage to or a malfunction of the outer and middle ear Some causes excessive ear wax fluid in the ear a torn eardrum Colds Usually hearing is restored once the cause is diagnosed and treated Sensory Hearing Loss : Sensory Hearing Loss Caused by damage to or a malfunction of the inner ear, auditory nerve, or the brain Causes of sensory hearing loss Aging, Damage to fetus, Hereditary, Noise, Disease, Injury, Drugs Sensory Hearing Loss: Sensory Hearing Loss Cannot be corrected medically or surgically Hearing loss in the workplace is typically a sensory hearing lossRegulatory Levels: Regulatory Levels Continuous noise 85 dBA, 8 hour TWA - Action Level hearing conservation program training medical monitoring 90 dBA, 8 hour TWA - Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) Wear Ear Plugs Impact noise- no exposures above 140 dB shall be permitted Audiometric Testing: Audiometric Testing Audiogram Measures how loud a sound has to be before you can hear it Comparing current to previous audiograms Shows if hearing loss has occurred and at which frequencies Measuring Noise: Measuring Noise Sound Level Meter - Instant reading grab sample Quest 215 Dosimeter - TWA noise exposure is integrated over time Quest 7 B Du Pont MK 1, 2, 3Types of Hearing Protection Devices: Types of Hearing Protection Devices Foam earplugs Earmuffs Noise Reduction Rating ( NRR ) Plugs + Muffs Take the higher NRR and add 5 dB to itNRR - Noise Reduction Rating: NRR - Noise Reduction Rating NRR and choosing an ear plug: Earmuff’s NRR - Subtract 25% Foam/expanding ear plugs - Subtract 50% All other plugs - Subtract 75%Earplugs: Earplugs Advantages: small and lightweight comfortable in hot environments easily used with other safety equipment Disadvantages: may become loose and require occasional refitting frequently soiledEarmuffs: Earmuffs Advantages: fits better for longer periods of time Disadvantages: may fit tight on your head uncomfortable in warm environments effectiveness is limited to the quality of the seal around your earInserting foam earplugs properly:: Inserting foam earplugs properly: Reach around back of your head Gently pull your ear back and up Roll the plug into a small diameter Insert the plug well into the ear canal Hold the plug in place for a few seconds while it expands and forms a good sealHearing Protection: Make sure that the earmuffs fit snugly around your ears Use earplugs if you wear glasses, earrings, or have facial hair which prevent the earmuffs from forming a good seal Hearing ProtectionCaring for Hearing Protection Devices: Caring for Hearing Protection Devices Foam Earplugs: store them in a clean, cool, dry place if earplugs become soiled, torn, or stiff, discard them and get a new pair Earmuffs: store them in a clean, cool, dry place inspect your earmuffs for cracks around the foam cups. IONIZING RADIATION: IONIZING RADIATIONOBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES Ionizing Radiation Characteristics Radiological Response Biological Consequences / Health Effects Regulations/Standards Radiation Protection/Controls Instrumentation Types of radiationIONIZING RADIATION DEFINITIONS: IONIZING RADIATION DEFINITIONS Ionizing Radiation (IR) - Any particles or rays given off (radiate) from a source that produces ionization Ionization - When atoms or molecules become charged - unbalanced electron proton ratio. Radiation - Refers to the way particles & rays radiate from their source at speeds up to that of light.RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE: RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE Spills of Radioactive Material Stop the spill, Warn others of the spill, Isolate the area and Minimize exposure to radiationIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Common Types of IR Alpha Beta Gamma X-rays Types of Non-IR Radiowaves & Microwaves Infrared Light Visible Light Ultrasound UV LightIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Alpha Radiation () Physical Characteristics (Helium w/o electrons) Weak penetrating power Cannot penetrate a sheet of paper Internal HazardsIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Beta Radiation () Physical Characteristics (electron) External Exposure Skin Damage = “Beta burn” Method of Ionization Annihilation RadiationIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Gamma Radiation () Indirectly ionizing radiation (electromagnetic ray - e.g. light) Energy bundles - have no charge or mass Travels much farther than or radiation Can pass through a body without hitting anything or give an atom all or part of its energy.IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Units Rad: Absorbed dose equal to 0.01 Joule/kg in any substance. Rem: Conventional unit for dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in rem is equal to the absorbed dose in rad multiplied by the quality factor. IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Radiation dose is expressed in rads For and radiation, 1 rad = 1 rem For radiation, 1 rad = 20 rem Rem = (Rad)(QF) Quality Factor (QF) for: and = 1 =20 SOURCES OF EXPOSURE: SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Natural Sources (81%) 55% - Radon 8% - Cosmic 8% - Terrestrial (coal, crude oil & natural gas, phosphate rock products, sand, hot springs & caves) 10% - Food & Water (i.e., Potassium-40)SOURCES OF EXPOSURE: SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Man-made Sources (19%) 11% - Medical X-ray (-rays) 4% - Nuclear Medical Exposures 3% - Consumer Products <1% - Other Sources (occupational sources, nuclear fallout, nuclear fall cycle radioactive waste, hospital radioactive waste, radioactively contaminated sites, etc.)SOURCES OF EXPOSURE: SOURCES OF EXPOSURE For the U.S. population, average annual total effective dose (natural & anthropogenic) is approximately 360 mrem (0.360 rem). For the general public, the exposure limit is 0.1 rem/year or 2 mrem/hr.BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS: BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS DNA is the primary target Radiation can produce free radicals elsewhere in the body that then reacts with DNA DNA damage is cumulative Cells are most sensitive to radiation damage if Have a high mitotic (cell division) rate A slow (long) mitotic cycle Undifferentiated stem cells Exposure to the eyes causes cataract formation.BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS: BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS Acute Effects: Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) Only seen after whole-body exposures above 100 radREGULATIONS/STANDARDS: REGULATIONS/STANDARDS Worker Limits - Adults Only: Radiation workers (Fed & State) = 5 rem/year Total Effective Dose = 5 rem/yearTYPES OF RADIATION: TYPES OF RADIATION Alpha U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Ra-226, Po-210, Am-241 Beta H-3, C-14, S-35, Pu-241 (low-energy) P-32, Sr-90, I-131 (medium to high energy) Also includes partial gamma (I-131) Other Gamma (Cs-137, Co-60, Ir-192RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS: RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS Time: Exposure increases linearly with an increase in the amount of time spent. Reduce the time of exposure to a minimum ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) Shielding: Lead and concrete - absorbs the radiation.RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS: RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS Distance: Dose rate is inversely proportional to the distance squared from the source. I1 = I2(D2/D1)2 where: I1 = is the intensity at a distance D1, and I2 = is the intensity at a distance D2 RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS: RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS PPE: Prevent contamination of particles on the surface of the skin The use of shield layers such as eye shield and gloves - prevents particles from depositing on the body and shields by absorption.INSTRUMENTATION: INSTRUMENTATION Example: Ludlum 3 (, , and ) INSTRUMENTATION: INSTRUMENTATION Example: Ludlum 19 ( and x-ray)INSTRUMENTATION: INSTRUMENTATION Example: SAIC Dosimeters ()REGULATORY AGENCIES: REGULATORY AGENCIES California Dept. of Health Services, Radiation Branch: State Regulatory Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulates nuclear power plant operations Regulates the use of radioactive material in research and medical applications NRC regulations apply to all types of ionizing radiation (IR) Sets limits on the total dose of IR above backgroundErgonomics: Ergonomics A quick overviewErgonomics: Ergonomics The study of interactions between humans and their working environment Repetitive motion is one branchErgonomics: Ergonomics Examples: Carpal tunnel syndrome - compressed median nerve due to swelling of the tendon sheath Prolonged flexing of the wrist - typing Tendentious - inflamed tendons due to stress Excess motion or stress - frayed, bumpy thick tendon White Finger - loss of adequate blood supply to fingers Vibrations, very tight gripping - Jack hammer Lower back pain - back stresses especially poor lifting Bent back, twisting motion, excess weightErgonomics: Ergonomics Lifting, protect the back! Keep back straight Forced to lift with legs Exponential increases with “leaning over” to pick up Pivot point, lower back Think, do not use jerky rapid motion Do not twist Do not raise above shoulders Ergonomics: Ergonomics Tools, protect the hand (wrist) Keep writs straight with respect to the arm, no bending Encircled tool should not allow fingers to touch palm Vary tasks, avoid doing something repetitively without breaks Keep shoulder relaxed and elbow at the side of the body Ergonomics: Ergonomics Universal Key Points Avoid sustained repetitive motions Flex joints minimally Work between shoulder and elbow height Use good illumination Do only what is comfortable, not pushing to the limits Use good postureQUESTIONS?: QUESTIONS? You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
2007 1 9 physical hazards Sebastiana Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1054 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: March 05, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: najafali92 (16 month(s) ago) bvxczsgb Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: najafali92 (16 month(s) ago) nice one Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Physical Hazards Noise, Radiation, and Ergonomics: Physical Hazards Noise, Radiation, and ErgonomicsNOISE AND ITS EFFECT ON HEARING: NOISE AND ITS EFFECT ON HEARINGIntroduction: Introduction Definitions Biological Process of Hearing Two Types of Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss Sensory Hearing Loss Regulatory Levels Audiometric Testing Measuring NoiseDefinitions: Definitions Sound: Composed of Frequency and Intensity Frequency or pitch: Hertz (Hz) Intensity or loudness: Decibels (dBA) A doubling of the level of sound is perceived as less than double Do not trust your earsBiological Process of Hearing: Biological Process of Hearing Outer ear collects sound energy (pressure waves) Sound travels down the ear canal to the eardrum Sound waves set the eardrum in motion Biological Processes of Hearing: Biological Processes of Hearing Inside the cochlea, hair cells bend as waves pass by sending pulses via the auditory nerve to the brain. Sound energy is converted from mechanical vibrations to fluid waves to electrical pulses.Two Types of Hearing Loss: Two Types of Hearing Loss Conductive SensoryConductive Hearing Loss: Conductive Hearing Loss Caused by damage to or a malfunction of the outer and middle ear Some causes excessive ear wax fluid in the ear a torn eardrum Colds Usually hearing is restored once the cause is diagnosed and treated Sensory Hearing Loss : Sensory Hearing Loss Caused by damage to or a malfunction of the inner ear, auditory nerve, or the brain Causes of sensory hearing loss Aging, Damage to fetus, Hereditary, Noise, Disease, Injury, Drugs Sensory Hearing Loss: Sensory Hearing Loss Cannot be corrected medically or surgically Hearing loss in the workplace is typically a sensory hearing lossRegulatory Levels: Regulatory Levels Continuous noise 85 dBA, 8 hour TWA - Action Level hearing conservation program training medical monitoring 90 dBA, 8 hour TWA - Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) Wear Ear Plugs Impact noise- no exposures above 140 dB shall be permitted Audiometric Testing: Audiometric Testing Audiogram Measures how loud a sound has to be before you can hear it Comparing current to previous audiograms Shows if hearing loss has occurred and at which frequencies Measuring Noise: Measuring Noise Sound Level Meter - Instant reading grab sample Quest 215 Dosimeter - TWA noise exposure is integrated over time Quest 7 B Du Pont MK 1, 2, 3Types of Hearing Protection Devices: Types of Hearing Protection Devices Foam earplugs Earmuffs Noise Reduction Rating ( NRR ) Plugs + Muffs Take the higher NRR and add 5 dB to itNRR - Noise Reduction Rating: NRR - Noise Reduction Rating NRR and choosing an ear plug: Earmuff’s NRR - Subtract 25% Foam/expanding ear plugs - Subtract 50% All other plugs - Subtract 75%Earplugs: Earplugs Advantages: small and lightweight comfortable in hot environments easily used with other safety equipment Disadvantages: may become loose and require occasional refitting frequently soiledEarmuffs: Earmuffs Advantages: fits better for longer periods of time Disadvantages: may fit tight on your head uncomfortable in warm environments effectiveness is limited to the quality of the seal around your earInserting foam earplugs properly:: Inserting foam earplugs properly: Reach around back of your head Gently pull your ear back and up Roll the plug into a small diameter Insert the plug well into the ear canal Hold the plug in place for a few seconds while it expands and forms a good sealHearing Protection: Make sure that the earmuffs fit snugly around your ears Use earplugs if you wear glasses, earrings, or have facial hair which prevent the earmuffs from forming a good seal Hearing ProtectionCaring for Hearing Protection Devices: Caring for Hearing Protection Devices Foam Earplugs: store them in a clean, cool, dry place if earplugs become soiled, torn, or stiff, discard them and get a new pair Earmuffs: store them in a clean, cool, dry place inspect your earmuffs for cracks around the foam cups. IONIZING RADIATION: IONIZING RADIATIONOBJECTIVES: OBJECTIVES Ionizing Radiation Characteristics Radiological Response Biological Consequences / Health Effects Regulations/Standards Radiation Protection/Controls Instrumentation Types of radiationIONIZING RADIATION DEFINITIONS: IONIZING RADIATION DEFINITIONS Ionizing Radiation (IR) - Any particles or rays given off (radiate) from a source that produces ionization Ionization - When atoms or molecules become charged - unbalanced electron proton ratio. Radiation - Refers to the way particles & rays radiate from their source at speeds up to that of light.RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE: RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE Spills of Radioactive Material Stop the spill, Warn others of the spill, Isolate the area and Minimize exposure to radiationIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Common Types of IR Alpha Beta Gamma X-rays Types of Non-IR Radiowaves & Microwaves Infrared Light Visible Light Ultrasound UV LightIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Alpha Radiation () Physical Characteristics (Helium w/o electrons) Weak penetrating power Cannot penetrate a sheet of paper Internal HazardsIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Beta Radiation () Physical Characteristics (electron) External Exposure Skin Damage = “Beta burn” Method of Ionization Annihilation RadiationIONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Gamma Radiation () Indirectly ionizing radiation (electromagnetic ray - e.g. light) Energy bundles - have no charge or mass Travels much farther than or radiation Can pass through a body without hitting anything or give an atom all or part of its energy.IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Units Rad: Absorbed dose equal to 0.01 Joule/kg in any substance. Rem: Conventional unit for dose equivalent. The dose equivalent in rem is equal to the absorbed dose in rad multiplied by the quality factor. IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS: IONIZING RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Radiation dose is expressed in rads For and radiation, 1 rad = 1 rem For radiation, 1 rad = 20 rem Rem = (Rad)(QF) Quality Factor (QF) for: and = 1 =20 SOURCES OF EXPOSURE: SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Natural Sources (81%) 55% - Radon 8% - Cosmic 8% - Terrestrial (coal, crude oil & natural gas, phosphate rock products, sand, hot springs & caves) 10% - Food & Water (i.e., Potassium-40)SOURCES OF EXPOSURE: SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Man-made Sources (19%) 11% - Medical X-ray (-rays) 4% - Nuclear Medical Exposures 3% - Consumer Products <1% - Other Sources (occupational sources, nuclear fallout, nuclear fall cycle radioactive waste, hospital radioactive waste, radioactively contaminated sites, etc.)SOURCES OF EXPOSURE: SOURCES OF EXPOSURE For the U.S. population, average annual total effective dose (natural & anthropogenic) is approximately 360 mrem (0.360 rem). For the general public, the exposure limit is 0.1 rem/year or 2 mrem/hr.BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS: BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS DNA is the primary target Radiation can produce free radicals elsewhere in the body that then reacts with DNA DNA damage is cumulative Cells are most sensitive to radiation damage if Have a high mitotic (cell division) rate A slow (long) mitotic cycle Undifferentiated stem cells Exposure to the eyes causes cataract formation.BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS: BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES / HEALTH EFFECTS Acute Effects: Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) Only seen after whole-body exposures above 100 radREGULATIONS/STANDARDS: REGULATIONS/STANDARDS Worker Limits - Adults Only: Radiation workers (Fed & State) = 5 rem/year Total Effective Dose = 5 rem/yearTYPES OF RADIATION: TYPES OF RADIATION Alpha U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Ra-226, Po-210, Am-241 Beta H-3, C-14, S-35, Pu-241 (low-energy) P-32, Sr-90, I-131 (medium to high energy) Also includes partial gamma (I-131) Other Gamma (Cs-137, Co-60, Ir-192RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS: RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS Time: Exposure increases linearly with an increase in the amount of time spent. Reduce the time of exposure to a minimum ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) Shielding: Lead and concrete - absorbs the radiation.RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS: RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS Distance: Dose rate is inversely proportional to the distance squared from the source. I1 = I2(D2/D1)2 where: I1 = is the intensity at a distance D1, and I2 = is the intensity at a distance D2 RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS: RADIATION PROTECTION/CONTROLS PPE: Prevent contamination of particles on the surface of the skin The use of shield layers such as eye shield and gloves - prevents particles from depositing on the body and shields by absorption.INSTRUMENTATION: INSTRUMENTATION Example: Ludlum 3 (, , and ) INSTRUMENTATION: INSTRUMENTATION Example: Ludlum 19 ( and x-ray)INSTRUMENTATION: INSTRUMENTATION Example: SAIC Dosimeters ()REGULATORY AGENCIES: REGULATORY AGENCIES California Dept. of Health Services, Radiation Branch: State Regulatory Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulates nuclear power plant operations Regulates the use of radioactive material in research and medical applications NRC regulations apply to all types of ionizing radiation (IR) Sets limits on the total dose of IR above backgroundErgonomics: Ergonomics A quick overviewErgonomics: Ergonomics The study of interactions between humans and their working environment Repetitive motion is one branchErgonomics: Ergonomics Examples: Carpal tunnel syndrome - compressed median nerve due to swelling of the tendon sheath Prolonged flexing of the wrist - typing Tendentious - inflamed tendons due to stress Excess motion or stress - frayed, bumpy thick tendon White Finger - loss of adequate blood supply to fingers Vibrations, very tight gripping - Jack hammer Lower back pain - back stresses especially poor lifting Bent back, twisting motion, excess weightErgonomics: Ergonomics Lifting, protect the back! Keep back straight Forced to lift with legs Exponential increases with “leaning over” to pick up Pivot point, lower back Think, do not use jerky rapid motion Do not twist Do not raise above shoulders Ergonomics: Ergonomics Tools, protect the hand (wrist) Keep writs straight with respect to the arm, no bending Encircled tool should not allow fingers to touch palm Vary tasks, avoid doing something repetitively without breaks Keep shoulder relaxed and elbow at the side of the body Ergonomics: Ergonomics Universal Key Points Avoid sustained repetitive motions Flex joints minimally Work between shoulder and elbow height Use good illumination Do only what is comfortable, not pushing to the limits Use good postureQUESTIONS?: QUESTIONS?