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For thousands of years, the dairy cow has been a valuable producer of food for humans and animals. Animal breeding began when owners tried to mate the best to the best; however, deciding which animals were best requires considerable insight. As genetic principles were discovered, animal breeding became a science rather than an art. Early cattle may have given less than 4 liters of milk per day; some herds now average 40 liters per cow per day, and a few individual cows have averaged over 80 liters per day for an entire year. Dairy Cattle: Breeding and Genetics
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Although much has been learned about how to feed and manage dairy cows to obtain larger quantities of milk, current yield efficiency would not have been achieved unless concurrent progress had been made in concentrating those genes that are favorable for sustained, high milk production. Health care in dairy herds has evolved over the years and will continue to evolve in the future. Health programs need to ensure animal health, food safety, environmental, and farm profitability. Dairy Cattle: Health Management
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Dairy Cattle: Nutrition Management The modern dairy cow is a marvel of nutrient metabolism and metabolic efficiency. Due to a combination of genetic selection, advances in nutrition, and improved management practices, these cows have the potential to produce >90 kg of milk per day. An emerging concern is to design nutrition programs that permit cows to attain their genetic capability for milk production while providing profit for the dairy manager, maintaining animal health, and decreasing nutrient excretion to the environment .
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Dairy Cattle: Reproduction Management Reproductive management of lactating dairy cows involves integrating the best dairy management practices, beginning with the dry cow and extending into the postpartum period, so that lactating cows are reproductively competent when systems for controlled breeding are initiated at the designated voluntary waiting period.
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