Horais 2006 Rideshare Briefing

Slide1: 

Brian J. Horais Mark Goergen Presentation for the 2006 Rideshare Conference October 11, 2006 Potential Benefits of Increased Access to Space for Secondary Payloads

Overview: 

Overview Why increase the availability of secondary payload access to space? To Increase the frequency of component testing in space TRL-7* requires prototype demonstration in the space environment This often imposes a “brick wall” for new space component development What components and payload sizes lend themselves to secondary payloads? Processors, instruments, sensors (not tied to aperture requirements), and enabling devices for new concepts Small and simple secondary payloads in the tens of kg size or less Simple, dedicated space experiments that qualify specific components Does the US rate of secondary payload launches need to be increased? Yes, if it can support more rapid development and qualification of new space components and technologies At a cost affordable to organizations developing innovative space components *TRL - Technology Readiness Level

Technology Readiness Levels: 

Technology Readiness Levels Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) are a systematic metric/measurement system that supports assessments of the maturity of a particular technology and the consistent comparison of maturity between different types of technology. [John C. Mankins, Advanced Concepts Office, Office of Space Access and Technology, NASA White Paper, April 1995] New Space Component Development often encounters a “Brick Wall” between TRL 6 & TRL 7 due to the limited number of space test opportunities TRL 1 Basic principles observed and reported TRL 2 Technology concept and/or application formulated TRL 3 Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of concept TRL 4 Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment TRL 5 Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment TRL 6 System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment (ground or space) TRL 7 System prototype demonstration in a space environment TRL 8 Actual system completed and “flight qualified” through test and demonstration (ground or space) TRL 9 Actual system “flight proven” through successful mission operations

Why is Space R&D Difficult?: 

Why is Space R&D Difficult? Applying the Scientific Method for Space Component Development imposes severe environmental and cost constraints not present in ground-based R&D The rate of development for new TRL-7 level space components is hampered by the slow space test iteration cycle

Applying the Scientific Method: 

Applying the Scientific Method The Scientific method of; Observation hypothesis, and testing offers an approach to address the question of: “What benefits could result from an increased rate of secondary payload launches?”

Scientific Method: Applied: 

Scientific Method: Applied Observation: Since the 1990s The International Space R&D community has conducted significantly more secondary space payload launches that the U.S. BASIS FOR OBSERVATION: 1) Comparison of US Space Test Program (STP) and Ariane ASAP (Auxiliary Structure for Secondary Payloads) launch rates over the period 1990-2000 2) Comparison of US Delta II versus Ariane IV ASAP Secondary Payload launches, 1990-2000 Hypothesis: Increased frequency of testing shortens the development iteration cycle for space components and leads to more rapid introduction of new technologies Testing: Establish more frequent secondary payload launch opportunities in the US by developing the infrastructure to utilize excess payload margin on U.S. launch vehicles Over a 5 year period, Evaluate the impact of these additional launch opportunities on US space innovation

Observation: Secondary Payload Launch Rates: 

Observation: Secondary Payload Launch Rates From 1990 thru 2000 the International Space R&D Community outperformed the U.S. Space R&D Community in their rate of small secondary payload launches The U.S. Space Test Program manages the launch of most of the Defense related R&D payloads Ariane’s Structure for Auxiliary Payloads was developed as a commercial capability SOURCE: COL White, USAF, STP Program Overview Briefing, August 2002 SOURCE: Surrey Satellite Technology Database for Smallsat Launches, http://centaur.sstl.co.uk/SSHP/micro

Observation: Quantity versus Quality: 

Observation: Quantity versus Quality Launch Rate alone is not a true indicator of space R&D Progress, but it can enable a more rapid space development/qualification cycle for new space components A comparison of Delta II and Ariane IV secondary payload launches during the period 1990 thru 2000 provides a basis for payload and launch rate comparison Delta II secondary payloads were primarily scientific experiments with some tether experiments Ariane IV secondary payloads were primarily communications and small imaging experiments and some DERA/UK payloads SOURCE: Surrey Satellite Technology Database for Smallsat Launches, http://centaur.sstl.co.uk/SSHP/micro SOURCE: Karuntzos, Keith W., Delta II Launch Opportunities, 2001 Small Payload Rideshare Conference

Hypothesis: Increased Testing Rate : 

Hypothesis: Increased Testing Rate Frequency of Space Test Opportunities and allowed Risk Launch Cost ($) LOW HIGH HIGH LOW secondary payloads We do this now Increased availability of secondary payload launch opportunities in the U.S. could facilitate more rapid space component qualification more frequent opportunities for space qualification of new components

Testing: Developing the opportunities: 

Testing: Developing the opportunities Developing the infrastructure and components in parallel may provide a basis for testing the hypothesis: “Increased frequency of testing shortens the development iteration cycle for space components and leads to more rapid introduction of new space component technologies” These Initiatives are only part of the solution: Government Space R&D / Launch Vehicle Industry collaboration will be required

Conclusions: 

Conclusions An approach has been presented to use the scientific method to address the question: “What are the Potential Benefits of Increased Access to Space for Secondary Payloads?” To address this question there is a need to: Identify relevant components for small space payload testing Develop the infrastructure to support additional secondary launch opportunities for these component test payloads

Backup Charts: 

Backup Charts

Ariane ASAP Launches: 

Ariane ASAP Launches SOURCE: Surrey Satellite Technology Database for Smallsat Launches, http://centaur.sstl.co.uk/SSHP/micro

Delta II and Ariane IV Secondary Payloads: 

Delta II and Ariane IV Secondary Payloads DELTA II Secondary Payloads: 1991-2000 LOSAT Ball, MSI Imaging DUVE NASA UV measurements SEDS-1 NASA tether experiment PMG Tether experiment SEDS-2 Tether experiment SURFSAT JPL DSN Comm experiment SEDSAT UAH Education, remote sensing SUNSAT Stellenbosch Univ., Remote Sensing Orsted Danish, Magnetic field measurement MUNIN Sweden, Auroral research Ariane IV Secondary Payloads: 1991-2000 UOSAT-3 & 4 COMMS, store and forward AO 16, 17, 18 & 19 AMSAT COMMS UOSAT -5 COMMS, store and forward SARA France, Stellar Emissions ORBCOMM-X OSC COMMS, GPS TUBSAT Antarctic COMMS, tracking S 80/T CNES, VHF characterization KITSAT-1 Korea, COMMS and Imaging STELLA France, passive reflector KITSAT-2 Korea, COMMS and Imaging PoSAT-1 Portuguese COMMS & Imaging EyeSat US, store and forward COMMS ITAMSAT Italy, store and forward COMMS HealthSat-2 Emergency COMMS STRV 1a & 1b DERA, space environment testing CERISE France, ELINT UPM-Sat Spain, Remote Sensing Clementine France, eavesdropping STRV 1c & 1d DERA Space Experiments AMSAT Phase 3-D AMSAT GEO COMMS SOURCES: SSHO Small Satellites Website, Historical Launch Data http://centaur.sstl.co.uk/SSHP/micro and various web searches The Ariane IV ASAP (auxiliary structure for secondary payloads) enabled a higher secondary payload launch rate than Delta-II over the 10 year period 1990-2000 and lead to the introduction of new space programs in a number of non-US countries

Delta II Secondaries: 

Delta II Secondaries Delta II has been the workhorse of secondary payload launches in the US Secondary Payload Volumes on Delta II SOURCE: Karuntzos, Keith W., Delta II Launch Opportunities, 2001 Small Payload Rideshare Conference