logging in or signing up Socrates III Roxie Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 96 Category: News & Reports.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: August 11, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: Notes, Etc. : Notes, Etc. 1. Reading for Wednesday andamp; Friday: Plato's Apology. 2. We'll start with Plato's Republic after the break. I'll assign a fair amount of reading quickly. If you have the chance over the break, get a first read through Books I-IV of the Republic. Slide3: Euthyphro's Third Attempt To Define Piety. (9e) Slide4: Euthyphro's Third Attempt To Define Piety. The pious is what all the gods love; the impious is what all the gods hate. Slide5: Euthyphro's Third Attempt To Define Piety. The pious is what all the gods love; the impious is what all the gods hate. Wow! If so, then only a few things, if any, are pious or impious! All the rules, norms, and customs held to because they are thought to tell us what is pious are out the window. seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill Sparky seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Bill Sparky sees seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Sparky is being seen. Bill Sparky sees being seen 'affect' seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Sparky is being seen. seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Sparky is being seen. Slide11: loving and being loved Nash Jess Slide12: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Nash Jess loves Slide13: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Jess is being loved/beloved. Nash Jess loves being loved/ beloved Slide14: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Jess is being loved/beloved. Slide15: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Jess is being loved/beloved. Slide16: all the gods Slide17: all the gods X love All the gods love X. Slide18: all the gods X love being loved by the gods/ god-loved All the gods love X. X is being loved by all the gods, i.e., X is god-loved Slide19: all the gods X love being loved by the gods/ god-loved #1. X is god-loved, because all the gods love X. #2. It is not the case that all the gods love X because X is god-loved. All the gods love X. X is being loved by all the gods, i.e., X is god-loved Slide20: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods names Slide21: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names Slide22: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is pious.' Slide23: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is pious.' Being loved by all the gods Slide24: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is god-loved.' Being loved by all the gods Slide25: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is beloved by all the gods.' Being loved by all the gods Slide26: all the gods X love being loved by the gods/ god-loved #1. X is god-loved, because all the gods love X. #2. It is not the case that all the gods love X because X is god-loved. All the gods love X. X is being loved by all the gods, i.e., X is god-loved Slide27: 'But that's subjective!' Slide28: Objectivism and Subjectivism Best characterizes the way propositions are true. Slide29: Objectivism and Subjectivism Best characterizes the way propositions are true. objective truth: a proposition is objectively true if it's truth or falsity is determined by objective facts (i.e., non-subjective facts). Slide30: Objectivism and Subjectivism Best characterizes the way propositions are true. objective truth: a proposition is objectively true if it's truth or falsity is determined by objective facts (i.e., non-subjective facts). subjective truth: a proposition is subjectively true if it's truth is determined by subjective facts. Slide31: 'The Golden Gate Bridge is beautiful.' Form of Beauty A Subjectivist Account of Beauty: X is beautiful to S, iff, S has a thrilling experience looking at, hearing, etc., X. Slide32: 'The Golden Gate Bridge is beautiful.' Form of Beauty Subjectivist Account of Beauty: X is beautiful to S, iff, S has a thrilling experience looking at, hearing, etc., X. Plato/Socrates: If that's what you think, why do you talk about the GGB? Quit misleading us. Talk about yourself and your subjective experiences. 'I'm having a thrilling experience looking at the Golden Gate Bridge.' Slide33: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Really?? Slide34: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide35: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide36: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide37: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide38: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide39: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide40: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide41: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide42: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide43: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Dean Gonzales! Dr. Freelove graded our papers arbitrarily! Slide44: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Well, he's a subjectivist, and he has a positive attitude to arbitrary grading, so it's just for him to do it. Slide45: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Well, he's a subjectivist, and he has a positive attitude to arbitrary grading, so it's just for him to do it. Oh. Ok. It's right for him to do. What are we complaining about? Slide46: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide47: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide48: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide49: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide50: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide51: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students ARBITRARY GRADING IS UNJUST!!! Slide52: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? Slide53: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? It's unjust because I have a negative attitude to it! Duh. Slide54: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? It's unjust because I don't like it. Slide55: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? I hate it! Yucch! Slide56: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? I hate it! Yucch! Slide57: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students I already know you disapprove of it, don't like it, and hate it. But, your disapproval of it doesn't make it unjust. Slide58: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide59: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Dean Gonzales! Dr. Freelove graded our papers arbitrarily! Slide60: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Look, I pay my part-time instructors chicken feed, really. You can't expect them to work hard to grade papers. Why think it's unjust? Slide61: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students There is an implicit contract set up between professor and student, according to which a student can expect her work graded by means of appropriate academic criteria. Slide62: Notes, Etc. : Notes, Etc. 1. Reading for Friday: No new assignments. Epistemological Role: Epistemological Role Euth., 6e. If someone knows the form of F, then he or she can judge accurately (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide65: Are these bachelors? John Judy Mark Jared Slide66: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John Judy Mark Jared Slide67: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. Slide68: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide69: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide70: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor Judy is not a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide71: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor Judy is not a bachelor Mark is a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide72: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor Judy is not a bachelor Mark is a bachelor Jared is not a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide73: 1. Something is a bachelor, if and only if, (and because) it is male, adult, human, and unmarried. 2. John is male, adult, human, and unmarried. ------------ 3. John is a bachelor. John Judy Mark Jared M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide74: 1. Something is a bachelor, if and only if, and (because) it is male, adult, human, and unmarried. 2. Judy is not male and not unmarried. ------------ 3. Judy is not a bachelor. John Judy Mark Jared M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Socrates' Wisdom: Socrates' Wisdom Today. 'Socrates says that wisdom consists in knowing that you know nothing.' First Wisdom: Apology, 21c Socrates: I am wiser to this extent: 'I do not think I know what I do not know.' If I think I know something, then I do know it. Socrates' Wisdom: Socrates' Wisdom Today. 'Socrates says that wisdom consists in knowing that you know nothing.' First Wisdom: Apology, 21c Socrates: I am wiser to this extent: 'I do not think I know what I do not know.' If I think I know something, then I do know it. If I know the form of F, and I know that X has that form, I will think I know that X is F, and I will in fact know it. Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1: Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1 Prove that figure X is an equilateral triangle. triangle =df three-sided, closed, plane figure. equilateral triangle =df a triangle with equal sides. 1. X is three-sided. 2. X is a closed figure. 3. X is a plane figure. 4. The sides of X are equal. ------------ Q.E.D: X is an equilateral triangle. Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1: Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1 Prove that figure X is an equilateral triangle. triangle =df three-sided, closed, plane figure. equilateral triangle =df a triangle with equal sides. An equilateral triangle is a three-sided, closed, plane figure with equal sides. Figure X is a three-sided, closed, plane figure with equal sides. ------------- Figure X is an equilateral triangle. Slide79: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Slide80: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Slide81: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. 2. This argument is valid and has all true premises. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Slide82: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. 2. This argument is valid and has all true premises. ------------ 3. This argument is sound. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Aristotle on Socrates' Significance: Aristotle on Socrates' Significance 'Now Socrates devoted his attention to the moral virtues, and was the first to seek universal definitions concerning these . . .; and he did well to ask what a thing is; for he sought to reason logically, and what a thing is, is the beginning [principle] of logical reasoning.' Aristotle on Socrates' Significance: Aristotle on Socrates' Significance 'Now Socrates devoted his attention to the moral virtues, and was the first to seek universal definitions concerning these . . .; and he did well to ask what a thing is; for he sought to reason logically, and what a thing is, is the beginning [principle] of logical reasoning.' 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. what soundness is. 2. This argument is valid and has all true premises. ------------ 3. This argument is sound. Slide85: Grand Philosophical Significance Grand Philosophical Significance: Grand Philosophical Significance How do we gain knowledge of forms, or natures? 1. Form F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, and C. --------- How do we gain knowledge 3. Object X is F about objects? If I know the form of F, and I know that X has that form, I will think I know that X is F, and I will in fact know it. Socrates: Slide87: ■ Three Roles of Form ■ Metaphysical Role ? Epistemological Role ? Semantic Role ? Slide88: ■ Three Roles of Form ■ Metaphysical Role The form of F makes an object to be F. Epistemological Role Knowing the form of F, gives one the ability to judge correctly whether an object is F or not. Semantic Role In sentences of the form, 'X is F', 'F' signifies a form. Slide89: Practical Application Slide90: 'Making judgments according to forms.' 1. The form of F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, C. ---------- 3. Object X is F. English 120 Paper Assignment Is Shakespeare's King Lear insane? Slide91: 'Making judgments according to forms.' 1. The form of F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, C. ---------- 3. Object X is F. English 120 Paper Assignment Is Shakespeare's King Lear insane? What is (the form of) insanity? Does King Lear possess that form or not? Slide92: 'Making judgments according to forms.' 1. The form of F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, C. ---------- 3. Object X is F. Insanity is A, B, and C. King Lear is A, and B but not C. ---- King Lear is not insane. English 120 Paper Assignment Is Shakespeare's King Lear insane? What is (the form of) insanity? Does King Lear possess that form or not? Slide93: Mary Student English 120 Lear is not Crazy I will argue that King Lear is not insane, despite all appearances. To be insane is to be A, B, and C. Lear, while A and B, is not C. So, he's not insane. Blah, blah, blah. Slide94: Is the Socratic Method Effective? Slide95: What is pious is what the gods love; what is impious is what the gods hate. (7a) Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. The gods differ on whether the same thing is good/bad, just/just Some gods hate the same thing other gods love. The same thing is both pious and impious. It's not the case that the same thing is both pious and impious. Slide96: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. The gods differ on whether the same thing is good/bad, just/just Some gods hate the same thing other gods love. It's not the case that the same thing is both pious and impious. Slide97: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. consistent But now, with no account of the form of piety, he has failed to show that he knows what piety is. Slide98: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. consistent But now, with no account of the form of piety, he has failed to show that he knows what piety is. If someone knows the form of F, then he or she can correctly define it. Slide99: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. consistent But now, with no account of the form of piety, he has failed to show that he knows what piety is. If someone knows the form of F, then he or she can correctly define it. If someone cannot define the form of F, then he or she doesn't know it. Slide100: 'The Socratic Fallacy' Slide101: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F Slide102: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide103: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. 'the Socratic fallacy' Slide104: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' Slide105: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. Slide106: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One knows the form of F One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide107: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One knows the form of F One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide108: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One knows the form of F One can give the correct account/definition of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide109: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide110: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide111: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. contrapositive If P, then Q. andlt;--andgt; If ~Q, then ~P. Slide112: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. One cannot give the correct account/definition of F. One cannot judge correctly (i.e., does not know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide113: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One cannot give the correct account/definition of F. One cannot judge correctly (i.e., does not know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide114: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. You cannot define justice and injustice. You don't know whether enslaving another human being is just or unjust. Slide115: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. You cannot define what it is to be a human being You don't know if I'm a human being or not. Slide116: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. You cannot define the form of pen. You don't know if this is a pen or not. Slide117: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. I cannot define the form of hand. I don't know if this is a hand or not. Slide118: Frontline Tailhook Frontline on the Tailhook scandal: Frontline on the Tailhook scandal In the early 1990's, Navy pilots get wild at a naval aviator convention called 'Tailhook' in Las Vegas. Pilots charged with sexual harassment. Frontline on the Tailhook scandal: Frontline on the Tailhook scandal In the early 1990's, Navy pilots get wild at a naval aviator convention called 'Tailhook' in Las Vegas. Pilots charged with sexual harassment. Senator Durenburger: The admiral had better be able to explain exactly why Lt. Female Pilot is incompetent. Famous Flying Admiral: 'I could spend 10 years' trying to define flying competency. My experience tells me that pilots showing that kind of flying record end up hurting themselves or others in flying accidents. Durenburger: Not good enough. No promotion for you. Slide121: In favor of the so-called 'Socratic Fallacy' #1: #1 Mathematician A: the figure drawn on the line, AB, is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician B: Really, how do you know? Mathematician A: Well, I know an equilateral triangle when I see one. #1: #1 Mathematician A: the figure drawn on the line, AB, is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician B: Really, how do you know? Mathematician A: Everyone calls figures that appear like this 'equilateral triangles'. So, this is an equilateral triangle. #1: #1 Mathematician A: the figure drawn on the line, AB, is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician B: Really, how do you know? Mathematician A: Everyone calls figures that appear like this 'equilateral triangles'. So, this is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician C: An equilateral triangle is a three-sided, closed, plane figure, with equal sides. This figure is three sided. It is closed, and a plane figure. This side is equal to that, and that to this, and this to this. So, this figure is an equilateral triangle. Slide125: Socrates on Trial Some Background . . . : Some Background . . . apology tr--andgt; (apologia): defense Records Socrates' defense speech before an Athenian jury, containing 501 people. Trial occurs in 399 BC. Socrates is 70 years of age. Socrates' accusers, Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon are democrats. How could they!!?: How could they!!? 1. Socrates, hero of free speech and the private challenge of authority, is executed by a mob of fearful, slavish and intolerant people. 2. Socrates is blamed for corrupting aristocratic youth, including Alcibiades, Critias, and Charmides, and is punished for his role in the harm these men caused to Athens and the democrats. 3. Socrates, a man with the greatest loyalty to truth and justice, is thought to be annoying and odd, and with little thought they dispatch him. Slide128: Two sets of charges informal formal Informal charges: Informal charges From Aristophanes' comedy The Clouds 1. Studies things in the sky and below the earth. (phusikoi) 2. Makes the weaker argument the stronger. (sophistēs) 3. Teaches this to others. (sophistēs) Formal Charges: Formal Charges #1. Socrates corrupts the youth. --E.g., Alcibiades, Charmides, Critias? --Socratic Fallacy? --teaching the youth not to believe in city's gods? --getting young people to question authority? #2. Not believing in the city's gods. --No evidence for this. Slide131: DEFIANCE! It was typical for a defendant to beg for mercy, guilty or not. Not Socrates. (28d) Verdict: Guilty: Verdict: Guilty 280 vote for conviction 221 for acquittal Verdict: Guilty: Verdict: Guilty 280 vote for conviction 221 for acquittal Prosecution's proposal: death. Socrates proposal: 1. What I deserve for what I've done for you: free meals in the Prytaneum, like a hero. 2. Ok, fine. I have 1 mina. Wait, Plato and others will pay 30 minae of silver. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Socrates III Roxie Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 96 Category: News & Reports.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: August 11, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: Notes, Etc. : Notes, Etc. 1. Reading for Wednesday andamp; Friday: Plato's Apology. 2. We'll start with Plato's Republic after the break. I'll assign a fair amount of reading quickly. If you have the chance over the break, get a first read through Books I-IV of the Republic. Slide3: Euthyphro's Third Attempt To Define Piety. (9e) Slide4: Euthyphro's Third Attempt To Define Piety. The pious is what all the gods love; the impious is what all the gods hate. Slide5: Euthyphro's Third Attempt To Define Piety. The pious is what all the gods love; the impious is what all the gods hate. Wow! If so, then only a few things, if any, are pious or impious! All the rules, norms, and customs held to because they are thought to tell us what is pious are out the window. seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill Sparky seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Bill Sparky sees seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Sparky is being seen. Bill Sparky sees being seen 'affect' seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Sparky is being seen. seeing and being seen: seeing and being seen Bill sees Sparky. Sparky is being seen. Slide11: loving and being loved Nash Jess Slide12: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Nash Jess loves Slide13: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Jess is being loved/beloved. Nash Jess loves being loved/ beloved Slide14: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Jess is being loved/beloved. Slide15: loving and being loved Nash loves Jess. Jess is being loved/beloved. Slide16: all the gods Slide17: all the gods X love All the gods love X. Slide18: all the gods X love being loved by the gods/ god-loved All the gods love X. X is being loved by all the gods, i.e., X is god-loved Slide19: all the gods X love being loved by the gods/ god-loved #1. X is god-loved, because all the gods love X. #2. It is not the case that all the gods love X because X is god-loved. All the gods love X. X is being loved by all the gods, i.e., X is god-loved Slide20: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods names Slide21: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names Slide22: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is pious.' Slide23: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is pious.' Being loved by all the gods Slide24: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is god-loved.' Being loved by all the gods Slide25: Semantic Role of Forms: 'piety' Being loved by all the gods 'god-loved' 'beloved by all the gods' names names names 'Euthyphro's prosecution of his father is beloved by all the gods.' Being loved by all the gods Slide26: all the gods X love being loved by the gods/ god-loved #1. X is god-loved, because all the gods love X. #2. It is not the case that all the gods love X because X is god-loved. All the gods love X. X is being loved by all the gods, i.e., X is god-loved Slide27: 'But that's subjective!' Slide28: Objectivism and Subjectivism Best characterizes the way propositions are true. Slide29: Objectivism and Subjectivism Best characterizes the way propositions are true. objective truth: a proposition is objectively true if it's truth or falsity is determined by objective facts (i.e., non-subjective facts). Slide30: Objectivism and Subjectivism Best characterizes the way propositions are true. objective truth: a proposition is objectively true if it's truth or falsity is determined by objective facts (i.e., non-subjective facts). subjective truth: a proposition is subjectively true if it's truth is determined by subjective facts. Slide31: 'The Golden Gate Bridge is beautiful.' Form of Beauty A Subjectivist Account of Beauty: X is beautiful to S, iff, S has a thrilling experience looking at, hearing, etc., X. Slide32: 'The Golden Gate Bridge is beautiful.' Form of Beauty Subjectivist Account of Beauty: X is beautiful to S, iff, S has a thrilling experience looking at, hearing, etc., X. Plato/Socrates: If that's what you think, why do you talk about the GGB? Quit misleading us. Talk about yourself and your subjective experiences. 'I'm having a thrilling experience looking at the Golden Gate Bridge.' Slide33: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Really?? Slide34: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide35: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide36: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide37: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide38: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide39: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide40: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide41: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Slide42: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide43: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Dean Gonzales! Dr. Freelove graded our papers arbitrarily! Slide44: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Well, he's a subjectivist, and he has a positive attitude to arbitrary grading, so it's just for him to do it. Slide45: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Well, he's a subjectivist, and he has a positive attitude to arbitrary grading, so it's just for him to do it. Oh. Ok. It's right for him to do. What are we complaining about? Slide46: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide47: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide48: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide49: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide50: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide51: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students ARBITRARY GRADING IS UNJUST!!! Slide52: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? Slide53: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? It's unjust because I have a negative attitude to it! Duh. Slide54: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? It's unjust because I don't like it. Slide55: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? I hate it! Yucch! Slide56: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Why think that? I hate it! Yucch! Slide57: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students I already know you disapprove of it, don't like it, and hate it. But, your disapproval of it doesn't make it unjust. Slide58: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Slide59: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Dean Gonzales! Dr. Freelove graded our papers arbitrarily! Slide60: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students Look, I pay my part-time instructors chicken feed, really. You can't expect them to work hard to grade papers. Why think it's unjust? Slide61: A subjectivist account of justice: X is just/unjust to S, iff, S has a positive attitude/negative attitude to X. Dean Gonzales Philosophy 20 Students There is an implicit contract set up between professor and student, according to which a student can expect her work graded by means of appropriate academic criteria. Slide62: Notes, Etc. : Notes, Etc. 1. Reading for Friday: No new assignments. Epistemological Role: Epistemological Role Euth., 6e. If someone knows the form of F, then he or she can judge accurately (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide65: Are these bachelors? John Judy Mark Jared Slide66: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John Judy Mark Jared Slide67: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. Slide68: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide69: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide70: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor Judy is not a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide71: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor Judy is not a bachelor Mark is a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide72: Are these bachelors? What is the form of bachelor? John is a bachelor Judy is not a bachelor Mark is a bachelor Jared is not a bachelor John Judy Mark Jared Form of bachelor 1. Male 2. Adult 3. Human being 4. Unmarried. M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide73: 1. Something is a bachelor, if and only if, (and because) it is male, adult, human, and unmarried. 2. John is male, adult, human, and unmarried. ------------ 3. John is a bachelor. John Judy Mark Jared M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Slide74: 1. Something is a bachelor, if and only if, and (because) it is male, adult, human, and unmarried. 2. Judy is not male and not unmarried. ------------ 3. Judy is not a bachelor. John Judy Mark Jared M A H U ~M A H ~U M A H U M ~A H U Socrates' Wisdom: Socrates' Wisdom Today. 'Socrates says that wisdom consists in knowing that you know nothing.' First Wisdom: Apology, 21c Socrates: I am wiser to this extent: 'I do not think I know what I do not know.' If I think I know something, then I do know it. Socrates' Wisdom: Socrates' Wisdom Today. 'Socrates says that wisdom consists in knowing that you know nothing.' First Wisdom: Apology, 21c Socrates: I am wiser to this extent: 'I do not think I know what I do not know.' If I think I know something, then I do know it. If I know the form of F, and I know that X has that form, I will think I know that X is F, and I will in fact know it. Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1: Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1 Prove that figure X is an equilateral triangle. triangle =df three-sided, closed, plane figure. equilateral triangle =df a triangle with equal sides. 1. X is three-sided. 2. X is a closed figure. 3. X is a plane figure. 4. The sides of X are equal. ------------ Q.E.D: X is an equilateral triangle. Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1: Euclid's The Elements: Proposition 1 Prove that figure X is an equilateral triangle. triangle =df three-sided, closed, plane figure. equilateral triangle =df a triangle with equal sides. An equilateral triangle is a three-sided, closed, plane figure with equal sides. Figure X is a three-sided, closed, plane figure with equal sides. ------------- Figure X is an equilateral triangle. Slide79: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Slide80: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Slide81: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. 2. This argument is valid and has all true premises. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Slide82: Knowledge of the form of F gives one the ability to judge correctly whether objects are F or not. All dogs are mammals. All mammals breath oxygen. ----------- All dogs breath oxygen. 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. 2. This argument is valid and has all true premises. ------------ 3. This argument is sound. Form of Argument Soundness Validity True Premises Aristotle on Socrates' Significance: Aristotle on Socrates' Significance 'Now Socrates devoted his attention to the moral virtues, and was the first to seek universal definitions concerning these . . .; and he did well to ask what a thing is; for he sought to reason logically, and what a thing is, is the beginning [principle] of logical reasoning.' Aristotle on Socrates' Significance: Aristotle on Socrates' Significance 'Now Socrates devoted his attention to the moral virtues, and was the first to seek universal definitions concerning these . . .; and he did well to ask what a thing is; for he sought to reason logically, and what a thing is, is the beginning [principle] of logical reasoning.' 1. An argument is sound, iff, it is valid and has all true premises. what soundness is. 2. This argument is valid and has all true premises. ------------ 3. This argument is sound. Slide85: Grand Philosophical Significance Grand Philosophical Significance: Grand Philosophical Significance How do we gain knowledge of forms, or natures? 1. Form F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, and C. --------- How do we gain knowledge 3. Object X is F about objects? If I know the form of F, and I know that X has that form, I will think I know that X is F, and I will in fact know it. Socrates: Slide87: ■ Three Roles of Form ■ Metaphysical Role ? Epistemological Role ? Semantic Role ? Slide88: ■ Three Roles of Form ■ Metaphysical Role The form of F makes an object to be F. Epistemological Role Knowing the form of F, gives one the ability to judge correctly whether an object is F or not. Semantic Role In sentences of the form, 'X is F', 'F' signifies a form. Slide89: Practical Application Slide90: 'Making judgments according to forms.' 1. The form of F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, C. ---------- 3. Object X is F. English 120 Paper Assignment Is Shakespeare's King Lear insane? Slide91: 'Making judgments according to forms.' 1. The form of F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, C. ---------- 3. Object X is F. English 120 Paper Assignment Is Shakespeare's King Lear insane? What is (the form of) insanity? Does King Lear possess that form or not? Slide92: 'Making judgments according to forms.' 1. The form of F is A, B, C. 2. Object X is A, B, C. ---------- 3. Object X is F. Insanity is A, B, and C. King Lear is A, and B but not C. ---- King Lear is not insane. English 120 Paper Assignment Is Shakespeare's King Lear insane? What is (the form of) insanity? Does King Lear possess that form or not? Slide93: Mary Student English 120 Lear is not Crazy I will argue that King Lear is not insane, despite all appearances. To be insane is to be A, B, and C. Lear, while A and B, is not C. So, he's not insane. Blah, blah, blah. Slide94: Is the Socratic Method Effective? Slide95: What is pious is what the gods love; what is impious is what the gods hate. (7a) Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. The gods differ on whether the same thing is good/bad, just/just Some gods hate the same thing other gods love. The same thing is both pious and impious. It's not the case that the same thing is both pious and impious. Slide96: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. The gods differ on whether the same thing is good/bad, just/just Some gods hate the same thing other gods love. It's not the case that the same thing is both pious and impious. Slide97: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. consistent But now, with no account of the form of piety, he has failed to show that he knows what piety is. Slide98: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. consistent But now, with no account of the form of piety, he has failed to show that he knows what piety is. If someone knows the form of F, then he or she can correctly define it. Slide99: Piety and impiety are opposites. (5d, 7a) The gods quarrel and differ; there's mutual hostility between them. Hostile and angry differences are differences over what's good/bad, or just/unjust. People love what they find just/good, and hate what they find unjust/bad. consistent But now, with no account of the form of piety, he has failed to show that he knows what piety is. If someone knows the form of F, then he or she can correctly define it. If someone cannot define the form of F, then he or she doesn't know it. Slide100: 'The Socratic Fallacy' Slide101: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F Slide102: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide103: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. 'the Socratic fallacy' Slide104: Euth., 6e One knows the form of F One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' Slide105: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. Slide106: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One knows the form of F One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide107: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One knows the form of F One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide108: One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One knows the form of F 'the Socratic fallacy' (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One knows the form of F One can give the correct account/definition of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide109: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide110: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. Slide111: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. contrapositive If P, then Q. andlt;--andgt; If ~Q, then ~P. Slide112: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not. One can give the correct account/definition of F. One cannot give the correct account/definition of F. One cannot judge correctly (i.e., does not know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide113: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. One cannot give the correct account/definition of F. One cannot judge correctly (i.e., does not know) whether an object, X, is F or not. Slide114: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. You cannot define justice and injustice. You don't know whether enslaving another human being is just or unjust. Slide115: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. You cannot define what it is to be a human being You don't know if I'm a human being or not. Slide116: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. You cannot define the form of pen. You don't know if this is a pen or not. Slide117: (SF*) If one can judge correctly (can know) whether an object, X, is F or not, then one knows the form of F. I cannot define the form of hand. I don't know if this is a hand or not. Slide118: Frontline Tailhook Frontline on the Tailhook scandal: Frontline on the Tailhook scandal In the early 1990's, Navy pilots get wild at a naval aviator convention called 'Tailhook' in Las Vegas. Pilots charged with sexual harassment. Frontline on the Tailhook scandal: Frontline on the Tailhook scandal In the early 1990's, Navy pilots get wild at a naval aviator convention called 'Tailhook' in Las Vegas. Pilots charged with sexual harassment. Senator Durenburger: The admiral had better be able to explain exactly why Lt. Female Pilot is incompetent. Famous Flying Admiral: 'I could spend 10 years' trying to define flying competency. My experience tells me that pilots showing that kind of flying record end up hurting themselves or others in flying accidents. Durenburger: Not good enough. No promotion for you. Slide121: In favor of the so-called 'Socratic Fallacy' #1: #1 Mathematician A: the figure drawn on the line, AB, is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician B: Really, how do you know? Mathematician A: Well, I know an equilateral triangle when I see one. #1: #1 Mathematician A: the figure drawn on the line, AB, is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician B: Really, how do you know? Mathematician A: Everyone calls figures that appear like this 'equilateral triangles'. So, this is an equilateral triangle. #1: #1 Mathematician A: the figure drawn on the line, AB, is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician B: Really, how do you know? Mathematician A: Everyone calls figures that appear like this 'equilateral triangles'. So, this is an equilateral triangle. Mathematician C: An equilateral triangle is a three-sided, closed, plane figure, with equal sides. This figure is three sided. It is closed, and a plane figure. This side is equal to that, and that to this, and this to this. So, this figure is an equilateral triangle. Slide125: Socrates on Trial Some Background . . . : Some Background . . . apology tr--andgt; (apologia): defense Records Socrates' defense speech before an Athenian jury, containing 501 people. Trial occurs in 399 BC. Socrates is 70 years of age. Socrates' accusers, Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon are democrats. How could they!!?: How could they!!? 1. Socrates, hero of free speech and the private challenge of authority, is executed by a mob of fearful, slavish and intolerant people. 2. Socrates is blamed for corrupting aristocratic youth, including Alcibiades, Critias, and Charmides, and is punished for his role in the harm these men caused to Athens and the democrats. 3. Socrates, a man with the greatest loyalty to truth and justice, is thought to be annoying and odd, and with little thought they dispatch him. Slide128: Two sets of charges informal formal Informal charges: Informal charges From Aristophanes' comedy The Clouds 1. Studies things in the sky and below the earth. (phusikoi) 2. Makes the weaker argument the stronger. (sophistēs) 3. Teaches this to others. (sophistēs) Formal Charges: Formal Charges #1. Socrates corrupts the youth. --E.g., Alcibiades, Charmides, Critias? --Socratic Fallacy? --teaching the youth not to believe in city's gods? --getting young people to question authority? #2. Not believing in the city's gods. --No evidence for this. Slide131: DEFIANCE! It was typical for a defendant to beg for mercy, guilty or not. Not Socrates. (28d) Verdict: Guilty: Verdict: Guilty 280 vote for conviction 221 for acquittal Verdict: Guilty: Verdict: Guilty 280 vote for conviction 221 for acquittal Prosecution's proposal: death. Socrates proposal: 1. What I deserve for what I've done for you: free meals in the Prytaneum, like a hero. 2. Ok, fine. I have 1 mina. Wait, Plato and others will pay 30 minae of silver.