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Current Events: 

Current Events A Fitter Force: Stay In Shape. That’s An Order For Norfolk-Based Sailors On Navy Ships. The Mandate For Group Workouts Is Part Of The Emphasis On A “Culture Of Fitness.” Duke Improves to 17-0 with victory over pesky NC State. Rice Owls lost to UAB 75-68 UH Cougars defeat Southern Miss. 62-58

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs: 

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 2: Sea Power in the Ancient Mediterranean World, from the Phoenicians to the Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Learning Objectives: 

Learning Objectives The student will comprehend the importance of sea power and navies to the peoples of the Mediterranean basin during antiquity. Special emphasis will be placed on Crete, the Phoenicians, Persia, Greece, Rome and the Italian city-states of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance The student will understand the crucial role of the galley in naval warfare up to the Battle of Lepanto (October, 1571).

Early Mediterranean Navies: 

Early Mediterranean Navies Agricultural development, establishment of central governments, social stratification, and organized militaries established in fertile river valleys: Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers India - Indus River China - Yellow and Yangtze Rivers Egypt - Nile River Civilizations use waterways for travel and trade.

Early Mediterranean Navies: 

Early Mediterranean Navies Water transportation was cheaper than overland routes generally, and especially in the Mediterranean basin. The Mediterranean Sea was the natural locale for much of the war fighting that resulted from commercial and national or ethnic rivalry and that characterized antiquity From the outset, commercial or trading vessels were lumbering sailing ships; naval vessels were galleys.

Galley Warfare: 

Galley Warfare Need for defense of merchant shipping gives rise to a new type of ship, the galley. Primary Secondary Propulsion Oars Sails Weapons Infantry Rams/Projectiles Formation Line-Abreast Not Applicable

Principal Functions of Navies: 

Command & Control of the Sea 1. Defend against sea-borne attack. 2. Isolate the enemy’s land forces. 3. Carry the attack across the sea to the enemy. Principal Functions of Navies 1. Protect sea trade routes. 2. Block or disrupt enemy’s sea trade routes.

Line Abreast Formations: 

Line Abreast Formations

Early Naval Powers: 

Crete First maritime-oriented civilization - use of the sea. World’s first Navy established (Circa 2,000 BC). Mahan-geographical position Natural resources- copper ore Early Naval Powers

Early Naval Powers: 

Phoenicians Seafaring peoples in eastern Mediterranean Sea. Colonies in southern and western Mediterranean Sea. Early Naval Powers

Greeks and Persians at War (c. 492-480 B.C.): 

Greeks and Persians at War (c. 492-480 B.C.) Background of Greeks By 5th century B.C., Greeks dominated Black and Aegean Seas and held trading monopoly on eastern Mediterranean. The Greeks exported olive, wine, and products of their gifted artisans and craftsmen; established settlements and colonies as far away as the north shore of the Black Sea and Spain. The Greeks were chronically weakened by divisions into warring city-states.

Greeks and Persians at War (c. 492-480 B.C.): 

Greeks and Persians at War (c. 492-480 B.C.) Background of Persia Persia, a unified kingdom and empire, exuded from Iranian highlands, overwhelmed Phoenicians, Egyptians and all others in its path; by 492 B.C., Persia faced determined resistance from the Greek city-states to further expansion into Europe.

Persian Empire: 

Persian Empire King Cyrus expands empire from modern-day Iran. Phoenicians supply naval power to Persians in eastern Mediterranean Sea. King Darius attacks Greek colonies in Asia Minor and invades Greece. 492 BC - Storm destroys Persian fleet. 490 BC - Defeated by Athenians at the Battle of Marathon.

Greco-Persian War and After (492-400 B.C.): 

Greco-Persian War and After (492-400 B.C.) Persia turned back once (490) at Battle of Marathon 10,000 Greeks threw Persia back to the sea Persian King Xerxes mounted attacks in 480. Battle of Thermoplylae and Salamis

Golden Age of Greece: 

Golden Age of Greece Delian League of Greek city-states established and dominated by Athens - 478 BC. Athens becomes a great maritime empire. Pericles leads Athens into “Golden Age”. Democratic government by wealthy merchants. Naval power allowed maritime commerce to expand. Peloponnesian Wars - 431-404 BC. Athens challenged by continental power Sparta. Navy built to challenge Athens’ control of the sea. Athens surrenders to Sparta - 404 BC.

Alexander the Great: 

Alexander the Great King Philip of Macedon Conquers most of Greece by 338 BC. Philip’s son Alexander conquers the Persian Empire and forms a vast Greek empire. Secures Phoenician cities on the coast in order to neutralize Persian naval power. Siege of Tyre Control of sea lines of communication allows control of eastern Mediterranean Sea. Alexander’s Empire Divided upon his death in 323 BC.

Punic Wars (264-201 B.C.): 

Punic Wars (264-201 B.C.)

Roman Navy: 

Roman Navy Remained second to Roman Army, but… Enabled Roman empire to expand east to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf. Cleared the Mediterranean Sea of pirates. Adapted Roman Army’s missile tactics: use of catapults to hurl stones, javelins, and combustible projectiles.

Slide20: 

Roman Civil Wars- Battle of Actium (31 B.C.)

The Players and the Action: 

The Players and the Action Roman Empire divided between East and West. Germanic barbarian invasions of the West. Byzantine Empire continues in the East. Crusades (1095) Last 2 centuries Crusaders are transported by merchant ships from Italian city-states, few naval battles.

The Players and the Action: 

The Players and the Action Vikings - Invasions of Europe from Scandinavia - 900s. Norman Invasion of England - Battle of Hastings 1066 Early Venice (1200s) Republican and Imperial Venice (1300s-mid 1400s)

Ottoman Empire: 

Ottoman Empire Challenges Venetian control of the Mediterranean Sea.

From the Med to the Atlantic: 

From the Med to the Atlantic Implications for Sea Power Spain become formidable Christians states continue inner rivalry for Mediterranean Christians states unite to fight against the Ottoman Turkey Culmination: Battle of Lepanto (5 October 1571)

Battle of Lepanto - 1571: 

Battle of Lepanto - 1571 Last battle of the Age of Galleys. Combined Christian fleet defeats Ottoman Turks. Use of cannon mounted on front of galleys to supplement naval infantry. Ottoman Empire’s domination of Mediterranean ends. “Barbary” system remains in North Africa. European powers forced to pay tribute for safe passage.

Transitions: 

Transitions Battle of Lepanto last galley battle Shift from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Spain and Portugal New Naval Ships Galleon Age of Mediterranean preeminence in European sea power OVER

Next Class: 

Next Class Oceanic Sea Power and the Emergence of European Nation States Read Seapower Ch 2