Energy6

Energy Production and Use : 

Energy Production and Use A. Anthony Chen (Prof.) Department of PHysics

Objectives: 

Objectives Explain concept of energy Discuss critical role of energy in human activity Describe and analyse traditional and alternatives sources Describe major Caribbean industrial activities and energy requirements Analyse the impact of energy-based activity on environment Demonstrate recognition of need for Caribbean people to conserve energy

Water, Water everywhere and not a drop to drink!: 

Water, Water everywhere and not a drop to drink!

Energy everywhere and hardly enough for Jamaica. Why not?: 

Energy everywhere and hardly enough for Jamaica. Why not? Solar Wind Bio-mass – sugar cane Waves

Contents: 

Contents What is energy? Sources of energy Energy production Our energy needs Why don’t we have enough energy – alternative sources and new sources Conservation

What is energy?: 

What is energy? Energy (in Science) is the ability to do work Work (in Science) is done whenever a push or a pull moves an object through some distance Push or pull Motion of object pushed or pulled Energy and work are equivalent Use the same unit of measurement

Two fundamental classifications of Energy: 

Two fundamental classifications of Energy Kinetic energy due to motion of a mass e.g. moving automobile Potential energy: due to its mass and position a body can have potential to do work e.g., a compressed or stretched spring water flowing over a dam

Forms of energy IMechanical Energy: 

Forms of energy I Mechanical Energy Energy in springs Wind Energy

Forms of Energy IIThermal energy: 

Forms of Energy II Thermal energy Solar Thermal energy (Solar Energy) Heat – Transfer of thermal energy from one body (bonfire) to another (people)

Forms of Energy III: 

Forms of Energy III Chemical energy (e.g., Explosion of nitroglycerine)

Forms of Energy IV: 

Forms of Energy IV Geothermal energy Geyser

Forms of Energy VBIOMASS -- Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals : 

Forms of Energy V BIOMASS -- Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals

Transformation from one form of energy to another: 

Transformation from one form of energy to another Chemical to electrical to thermal Chemical to electrical to mechanical Electric motor

Law of Conservation of Energy: 

Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed May undergo changes from one form to another Law know more than a century ago

Forms of Energy VI: 

Forms of Energy VI Nuclear energy (Atomic bomb) Energy created by fission of atomic nucleus

An Atom: 

An Atom Consists of a nucleus which forms the centre or core of the atom. It is made up of particles called protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge) Electrons (negatively charged) surround the nucleus.

Nuclear Fission: 

Nuclear Fission Fission: Uranium atom is split into small pieces when bombarded by a neutron - 3 neutrons are emitted These hit other Uranium atoms and the process is repeated starting a chain reaction. Mass converted to Energy, released in the form of heat. In a nuclear power plant, uranium undergoes fission in a chain reaction. Heat converted to electricity

Einstein’s equation:Conversion of mass into energy: 

Einstein’s equation: Conversion of mass into energy If m= mass of material before fission minus mass of material after fission E=energy released c= speed of light (300,000,000 meters each second) E=mc2 Energy equal mass multiplied by speed of light twice Energy is very large

Mass has been converted to energy: 

Mass has been converted to energy Law of conservation of energy now conservation of mass-energy

How do we measure Work and Energy: 

How do we measure Work and Energy Same unit for both The unit of work and energy is the Joule

How much is 1 Joule of work?: 

How much is 1 Joule of work? 1 Joule = 0.239 calories If you weigh 70 kg (154 lbs), If you pull yourself up 25 cm (about 10 inches) Then you do 220.5 Joules of work

How fast can you work?: 

How fast can you work? The person who pulls himself up faster works faster We say he has more POWER Power is the rate of doing work Power is measured in Watts 1 Watt = 1 Joule of work done in 1 sec

How much is 1 Watt of Power?: 

How much is 1 Watt of Power? If you weigh 70 kg and If you pull yourself up 25 cm (0.25m), then you do 220.5 Joules of work If you pull yourself up in 1 second, then your power is 220.5 Watts If you do it in ½ seconds then your power is 441 Watts (you have more power) If you pull yourself up in 2 seconds, then your power is 110.25 Watts (you have less power) Power = Work Time

Other units of Power: 

Other units of Power 1 Watt (W) = 1 Joule of work per second 1 kiloWatt (kW) = 1000 Watts or 1000 Joule/sec 1 MegaWatt (MW) = 1,000,000 Watts 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts or 0.746 kW

Slide25: 

Since Power = Work Time Energy = Work Then Power = Energy Time Energy = Power x Time Power x Time can be used as a unit of energy

Kilowatt-hour: 

Kilowatt-hour 1 Kilowatt-hour is 1kiloWatt x 1 hour by definition Kilowatt-hour is therefore power x time Kilowatt-hour is therefore a unit of energy One kilowatt-hour is the work done in one hour by an agent working at the constant rate of one kilowatt

Slide27: 

KWH or kilowatt-hour

How to read your meter: 

How to read your meter 4 6 3 7 2 4 6 3 9 2

How much is a kiloWatt hour?: 

How much is a kiloWatt hour? If you consume 300 kiloWatt-hour (KWH) per month this is equivalent to lifting yourself 25 cm a total of 5,400,000 times

Relative energies: 

Relative energies Stick of match - 1,054 Joules Stick of dynamite 2,108,000 Joules 100 hrs TV 2,951,200 Joules Atomic bomb 84,320,000,000,000 Joules

How critical is energy in human activity?: 

How critical is energy in human activity? We need energy to live We need energy to work We need energy to play We need energy to survive We should try to work efficiently

Efficiency: 

Efficiency How efficient is a working engine that uses heat? Efficiency is the ratio of the useful work performed to the heat input Efficiency = Work done/Heat in Steam engine

Steam engine converts Heat to Work:: 

Steam engine converts Heat to Work: uses heat to produce steam, Steam drives turbine/shaft to do work Used in the industrial revolution of 18 & 19 centuries

Slide34: 

Modern Heat to Work Engine

Slide35: 

IN OUT Heat is produced by explosion of air-gasoline mixture ignited by spark plug Expanding air-gas mixture drives crankshaft Work is done in moving automobile

Slide36: 

Modern Heat to Work Engine Efficiency about 30% 30% of energy converted to useful work in moving auto 70% lost as useless heat

Slide37: 

In general Efficiency is Energy we get out Energy we pay for Efficiency = Heat obtained Energy expended by battery Efficiency = work to lift weight Energy expended by battery

Efficiency of Wind Turbine: 

Efficiency of Wind Turbine E = Energy output from the turbine Energy in the wind

Efficiency of a generator: 

Efficiency of a generator E = Electrical energy output Mechanical Energy supplied to rotor

E ≠ 100%: 

E ≠ 100% Some energy is always lost (due to friction, heat loss, etc) Cannot convert all energy to useful energy

Traditional (non-renewable) Sources of Energy: 

Traditional (non-renewable) Sources of Energy Crude oil Natural gas Oil and gas are referred to as petroleum Coal All above referred to as fossil fuel Any quantity once used cannot be replaced (non-renewable) Produces Thermal Energy when burnt

Fossil fuels: 

Fossil fuels Formed from decomposed plant and animal Trapped by rocks and buried deep under earth’s surface Subjected to intense pressure and heat Over long period of time decomposed organic material converted to oil and gas Oil and gas trapped between layers of rocks Recovered by drilling through rock

How is Energy Produced from fossil fuels?: 

How is Energy Produced from fossil fuels? Production combustion

Crude Oil: 

Crude Oil Mixture of several substances called Hydrocarbons Molecules contain hydrogen and carbon Constituents separated in oil refineries into simpler mixtures Process called fractional distillation Depends on boiling point Temperature at which a substance begins to boil

Fractional Distillation: 

Fractional Distillation Oil heated Most components vaporize Vapours sent to a tower that has high temperature at base and progressively lower temperatures at top Fractionating/distillation columns Gases are collected at the top; they remain as gases at low temperature; they have low boiling points.

Fractional Distillation: 

Fractional Distillation Components that do not vaporize at highest temperatures are collected at the bottom; they have very high boiling points In between the top and bottom, components with relatively higher boiling points are collected lower down and those with relatively lower boiling points are collected higher.

Distillation columns in an oil refinery: 

Distillation columns in an oil refinery

Natural Gas: 

Natural Gas Can be transmitted by pipeline When cooled below -164 ºC it becomes a liquid called Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) LNG is stored in large, double walled, insulated tanks Jamaica is seriously considering the use LNG to reduce usage of oil Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) – natural gas pressurized and stored in tanks

Coal: 

Coal Consists mainly of Carbon Formed out of plant materials that accumulated at bottom of swamps millions of years ago. Compacted by weight of sand, clay and other debris on top of it Largely replaced by oil and gas as a source of energy. Renewed interest in coal as oil reserves are decreasing

Burning/Combustion of Oil and Gas: 

Burning/Combustion of Oil and Gas Oil and gas consists of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon) When burnt they combine with oxygen to produce heat Hydrocarbons + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Steam + Thermal Energy (Heat) Carbon Dioxide is a Green House Gas, causes global warming

Other Pollutants from combustion of oil: 

Other Pollutants from combustion of oil Does not burn properly (Incomplete Combustion) Poisonous Carbon Monoxide is formed Particles of carbon (black smoke) Respiratory problems Fuels contain impurities such as sulphur Sulphur oxides lead to acid rain Lead added to gasoline to improve engine performance Poisonous lead oxide

Combustion of Coal: 

Combustion of Coal Carbon + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Heat Incomplete combustion, impurities Release of carbon monoxide, oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen Releases more carbon dioxide than oil ‘Coal’ produced from slow burning of wood is properly called charcoal, different from coal Has similar polluting effects

Energy Usage Worldwide: 

Energy Usage Worldwide

Demand for energy% Change in Use from 1980-1998http://www.whole-systems.org/: 

Demand for energy % Change in Use from 1980-1998 http://www.whole-systems.org/

Cost of Oil: 

Cost of Oil

What are causes of current increases?: 

What are causes of current increases? There has been an unprecedented combination of: Supply restrictions from OPEC Surging demand Financial speculation & the fear premium Lack of refinery capacity Prof. Anthony Clayton, UWI

Fluctuating Price in Oil Not consistent with sustainable development: 

Fluctuating Price in Oil Not consistent with sustainable development

Reduction of dependence on fossil fuel – Possible Scientific/Technological solution: 

Reduction of dependence on fossil fuel – Possible Scientific/Technological solution Solar energy Wind energy Called Renewable energy Others Ocean thermal Energy (OTEC) Biomass Geothermal Hydroelectric New technological development Fuel cells Coal liquefaction

Solar Energy: 

Solar Energy Solar Water Heater Solar drying Both above are cost effective for use in Jamaica Do not produce electricity, the major energy need Photovoltaic cells Solar thermal electric power plant

Solar water Heaters: 

Solar water Heaters Solar collector heats water Hot water rises to top of collector and is stored Cold water replaces it Water circulates by thermal and syphoning effect Thermosyphon effect

Large Domestic Thermosyphon System: 

Large Domestic Thermosyphon System Credit: Eaton Haughton, Econergy Engineering Services Ltd. Collectors Storage tank

Thermosyphon System (How it Works): 

Thermosyphon System (How it Works) Credit: Eaton Haughton, Econergy Engineering Services Ltd.

Facts about solar water heaters: 

Facts about solar water heaters Initial cost is high Lasts about 20 years Pays back for itself in less than 20 years Storage tank is insulated so that you get hot water at nights Will heat water even on a partially cloudy day Comes with backup water heater in case there is not sun

Solar crop dryer: Bananas and Papaw Being Dried: 

Solar crop dryer: Bananas and Papaw Being Dried Credit: Eaton Haughton, Econergy Engineering Services Ltd.

Callaloo Being Dried: 

Callaloo Being Dried Credit: Eaton Haughton, Econergy Engineering Services Ltd.

Solar Crop dryer: 

Solar Crop dryer Dried material (dehydrated) lasts longer Micro-organisms which cause spoilage tend to grow and be active in moist medium. Air passes over collector, becomes hot Temp 40 to 65 ºC Hot air passes over crop, dries crop Dries cocoa, meat, fish, pimento, fruits, vegetables 15 – 25 hours

Low Iron Tempered Glass, Bin Type Solar Dryer : 

Low Iron Tempered Glass, Bin Type Solar Dryer Credit: Eaton Haughton, Econergy Engineering Services Ltd.

Domestic Bin Type Crop Dryer: 

Domestic Bin Type Crop Dryer Credit: Eaton Haughton, Econergy Engineering Services Ltd.

PV Physics: 

PV Physics Basic unit is a PV cell Modules: a set of cells arranged in series Array: a collection of modules

An array of PV cells: 

An array of PV cells

On a roof top (a): 

On a roof top (a)

On a roof top (b): 

On a roof top (b)

PV Physics: 

PV Physics A typical PV operates in the following way: Sunlight is converted into electricity when light is absorbed in the solar cell. The absorbed light causes electrons in the material to increase in energy, at the same time making them free to move around in the material and become carriers of electricity

PV Physics: 

PV Physics Commercially available solar cells utilize what is called a p-n junction so as to collect the carriers before they lose the energy gained from the sun light. A p-n junction consists of two different regions of a semiconductor material (usually silicon), with one side called the p-type region and the other the n-type region.

Action of sun on photovoltaic cell: 

Action of sun on photovoltaic cell http://www.solarnet.org/IndHome/ch0301.htm n type Silicon p type Silicon Sun’s Radiation Electron Battery being charged

Solar cell usage (for electricity) in Jamaica?: 

Solar cell usage (for electricity) in Jamaica? Capital expenditure is very high (Thousands of US$ to run a home) Especially high if battery backup system is need, e.g., at nights when there is no sun. Even with high cost, some persons wish to be independent of JPS and install systems with battery backup. Will not become widespread unless production cost decreases/cell becomes much more efficient in converting sunlight to electricity. With the high cost of electricity produced by oil (JPS), it can be shown that solar cells are cost effective if no back up system is needed, e.g., to run offices, air conditioning systems, refrigerators during the daytime Suitable backup using JPS in the day when there is not sun is required. Site survey to measure solar radiation or solar radiation map necessary to determine feasibility.

Slide78: 

1994 Sponsored by PCJ Dept of Physics UWI

Net metering will eliminate the need for backup storage (battery) and help to make use of PV possible: 

Net metering will eliminate the need for backup storage (battery) and help to make use of PV possible Excess electricity produced in the day is sold to the power company. Buy electricity from company at nights In practice this is done by a meter which can reverse dirctions. Pay for net usage. Eliminates cost of storage

For the future:Solar thermal electric power plant : 

For the future: Solar thermal electric power plant Mirrors reflect solar radiation to a collector (receiver), which heat salt solution, which provides heat to a steam generator, which drives a electric generator.

Wind Energy225 kiloWatt wind turbine at Munro College: 

Wind Energy 225 kiloWatt wind turbine at Munro College

Wigton FarmManchester, Ja – 20.7 MegaWatts: 

Wigton Farm Manchester, Ja – 20.7 MegaWatts

Slide83: 

A few hours after sunrise, land warms up: 1. Warm air over land rises; 2. Cool air over water moves towards land to replace rising air; 3. Rising air cools and it moves seaward; 4. Movement continues; 5. Cool air aloft sinks over water, and the process continues. 6. Cold sea breeze front. By late afternoon, the strength of the sea breeze diminishes as solar radiation flux weakens. Daytime (Ref. 11)

Mountain & Valley Winds: 

Mountain & Valley Winds 1.During the day, the slopes of mountain heat up and air rises. Hence, winds tend to flow upslope during the day and these are called valley winds. Arrows show completed circulation of air. 2.The reverse situation happens at night. The steep mountain sides cool. This causes air to sink and winds then become downslope. These are called mountain winds. Arrows show completed circulation of air. 1 2 Warm Cold Valley Winds Mountain Winds

Wind Power: 

Wind Power Wind rotates propeller blades Electrical Generator is rotated by the shaft of the propeller Electricity is produced Can also be used for water pumping and irrigation Connected to a water pump instead of an electric generator And for grinding grain

General Information about Wigton: 

General Information about Wigton Wigton Wind Farm Limited (WWF) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica (PCJ) and was incorporated on April 12, 2000 with objectives to own, develop, construct and operate wind farms and similar renewable energy systems to harness energy for commercial production and to generate electricity for sale to customers.

Slide87: 

The Wigton Wind Farm has been constructed with wind turbines supplied by NEG Micon, a Danish/Dutch wind turbine manufacturer. The estimated capacity output from the wind farm is 20.7 MW, however Wigton Wind Farm Limited expects to supply the Jamaica Public Service Company (JPSCo) a minimum of 7 MW on average. The wind farm will consist of twenty-three 900 KW wind turbines of the type NEG-Micon NM 900/52.

Wind power usage in Jamaica?: 

Wind power usage in Jamaica? Again capital outlay is high; If the average wind speed is above 7 meters per second or about 16 miles per hour, and the wind blows both day and night, wind power to produce electricity can be cost effective for Jamaica; Wind survey at prospective site is necessary (~1 year) Coastal areas are usually not good sites for electricity production since the wind blows mainly in the day; Areas in St. Elizabeth, Manchester, St. Thomas and Portland are good; Most areas in Jamaica are good to use wind power for irrigation or water pumping.

Wind Energy in Jamaica: 

Wind Energy in Jamaica Amarakoon, A.M.D., and A.A.Chen, Modelling of Wind Speed and Power Across Jamaica, Ja. J. Sci. and Tech., 12 & 13, 48-64, 2001 & 2002

New Sources of Energy I Hydrogen Fuel Cell: 

New Sources of Energy I Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen fuel-cell engines are large batteries that combine hydrogen fuel and oxygen (from the air) to make electricity. Can be used to power anything, including a car. Hydrogen can be made from electrolysis of water, and of methanol. This means that it can be made anywhere. So no one country could dominate (unlike oil).

New Source of Energy IICoal Liquefaction : 

New Source of Energy II Coal Liquefaction A process to produce ultra clean oil from coal Carbon dioxide is a by-product of the process

Jamaica’s Economic Renewable Energy Potential(not including ethanol): 

Jamaica’s Economic Renewable Energy Potential (not including ethanol) Windpower 90 MW (up from 20 MW) Hydropower 60 MW (up from 23.8 MW) Solid waste 20 MW Bagasse & fuelwood 75 MW OTEC and other ocean technologies 25 MW 270 MW Dr. R. Wright

A POSSIBLE (REACHABLE) 2015 ELECTRICITY SCENARIO: 

A POSSIBLE (REACHABLE) 2015 ELECTRICITY SCENARIO Utility Company Installed Capacity 1250 MW Fuel Sources Heavy fuel oil and diesel 380 MW Natural Gas & Coal 700 MW Wind 70 MW Hydropower 35 MW Solid Waste 10 MW Bagasse and fuelwood 35MW Ocean energy 10 MW Solar Photovoltaics 0.2 MW Fuel cells 9.8 MW 1250 MW Renewables would supply 12.8% of electricity Dr. R. Wright

A POSSIBLE 2020 ELECTRICITY SCENARIO: 

A POSSIBLE 2020 ELECTRICITY SCENARIO Utility Company Installed Capacity 1450 MW Fuel Sources Natural Gas 750 MW Heavy fuel oil and diesel 400 MW Fuel Cells 100 MW Wind 90 MW Hydropower 40 MW Bagasse and fuelwood 35 MW Solid Waste 15 MW Ocean energy technologies 15 MW Solar Photovoltaics 5 MW 1450 MW Approximately 13.5% of energy from renewables (not including fuel cells). NB. If the present growth rate holds, about 1800 MW will be required by 2020 and the percentage contribution from renewables will decrease to below 12%.

As well as new sources, Conservation of Energy is also important: 

As well as new sources, Conservation of Energy is also important Use energy efficient equipment Fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent lamps Reduction of waste Turn of lights, A/C, fans not needed Reduction of electricity theft

Potential Annual Savings from Energy Efficient Technologies : 

Potential Annual Savings from Energy Efficient Technologies Solar water heaters 6.0 MW Photovoltaics 2.0 MW Compact fluorescent lamps 1.5 MW Efficient new boilers and manufacturing equipment 6.0 MW Efficient air conditioning and appliances 6.0 MW Deep ocean water cooling 2.0 MW Energy management systems in hotels, commerce & industry 5.0 MW Low energy architecture 1.5 MW Total 30.0 MW Dr. R. Wright

Major Industrail Activities in the Caribbean: 

Major Industrail Activities in the Caribbean

Petroleum/Petrochemical in Trinidad : 

Petroleum/Petrochemical in Trinidad Oil First oil well dug in 1907 Refining 1912 Output not significant enough for T&T to be member of OPEC Natural Gas Since 2000 natural gas exploration and exportation has become very important Used in production of ammonia, methanol T&T one of leading exporters of ammonia and methanol Used in production of electricity in T&T Activity largely driven by foreign investors

Petroleum/Petrochemical in Barbados and Ja.: 

Petroleum/Petrochemical in Barbados and Ja. Barbados Has oil wells Oil shipped to T&T for refining and returned for domestic consumption Jamaica Petrojam refines 36,000 barrels of oil per day No oil or gas, but there is new interest in exploration based on new data.

Bauxite: 

Bauxite Jamaica and Guyana mine bauxite However the ore is not converted into aluminum in Ja or Guyana because of the large amount of energy needed for the electrolysis process It is converted to aluminum oxide or alumina in Jamaica Some alumina companies produce their own electricity

Tourist Industry: 

Tourist Industry Large amounts of energy needed for lighting, water heating and air conditioning Conservation can be effected by Photoswitches, other switches or timing devices to turn off lights and a/c when not needed Fluorescent lamps Solar water heaters Using waste heat from a/c units, e.g. for water heating Improving boiler efficiencies

Sugar Industry: 

Sugar Industry Once the major industry in the Caribbean, it is now on the decline Cane fibre, called bagasse, is used for fuel in the industry Ethanol, a potential source of fuel, can be produced from sugar cane

What can you do?: 

What can you do? Conserve Use energy saving devices, e.g. fluorescent lamps Turn of all unnecessary energy consuming device: lights, fans, a/c, radios, tv, etc Do not leave doors open when room is air conditioned

Energy Audit: 

Energy Audit An evaluation of energy consumption, as in a home or business, to determine ways in which energy can be conserved; Done by a professional in industry and commerce; You can do it at home. HOME ENERGY AUDIT DATA SHEET.doc

Finally: 

Finally Why don’t we have enough energy? Oil is costly; Renewable energy require large capital outlay; Renewable energy cannot provide all our energy needs unless systems, such as photovoltaics become much more efficient; We need to conserve; There is a famous law in physics, called the law of entropy – one interpretation is that the useful energy of the universe is decreasing. We need careful management of resources.

Slide109: 

‘What we must do is see the whole world as our “self” Only then will we be worthy of being entrusted with the World (Earth) Only One who values the World as his own body can truly rely on the World in return.’ Lao Tzu, in a book called Tao Te Ching (7th to 4th century BC) Finis