Intenet, HTML, Network Typology

Internet, HTML Network Typology: 

Internet, HTML Network Typology An introductory guide Presenter Rokov Zhasa NU/MN-22/11 24 Nov. 2011

PowerPoint Presentation: 

MGT 107 Computers and IT 2

Knowledge Objectives: 

Knowledge Objectives Internet- Meaning, Structure, Governance Computer Network- Meaning Network Typology TCP/IP HTML MGT 107 Computers and IT 3

Internet: 

Internet Global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private computer networks. Based on the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. Successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defence. Communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW ). MGT 107 Computers and IT 4

Structure: 

Structure Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks. Similarly research networks tend to interconnect into large sub networks such as GEANT, GLORIAD, Internet2, and the UK's JANET . These are built around smaller networks. MGT 107 Computers and IT 5

Structure: 

Structure “prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system ". Internet is heterogeneous. Exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. The principles of the routing and addressing methods were developed starting ‘60s. Highly robust to random failures and very vulnerable to high degree attacks MGT 107 Computers and IT 6

Governance: 

Governance Internet operates without a central governing body Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN ): Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, Globally unified name spaces are essential for the global reach of the Internet. ICANN – only central coordinating body ICANN is governed by an international board of directors MGT 107 Computers and IT 7 ICANN headquarters in Marina Del Rey, California, United States

Governance: 

Governance Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) responsible for core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6). US govt. can approve changes to the DNS root zone that lies at the heart of the domain name 16 November 2005, Internet Governance Forum (IGF) established to discuss Internet-related issues. MGT 107 Computers and IT 8

Internet Protocol Suite: 

Internet Protocol Suite Set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP ) Internet Protocol (IP ) MGT 107 Computers and IT 9

TCP/IP Reference Model: 

TCP/IP Reference Model MGT 107 Computers and IT 10 Application or Process Layer Host-to-Host Transport Layer Internet Protocol (IP) Network Interface Physical Layer

TCP/IP Reference Model: 

TCP/IP Reference Model Application Layer Provides Communication services for user applications Provides appropriate data transmission formats and codes Supports the accomplishment of telecommunication sessions Host-to-Host Transport Layer Supports the organization and transfer MGT 107 Computers and IT 11

TCP/IP Reference Model: 

TCP/IP Reference Model Internet Protocol Provides appropriate routing by establishing connections among network links Network Interface Supports error-free organization and transmission of data in the network Physical Layer Provides physical transmission of data on the telecommunications media MGT 107 Computers and IT 12

Computer Network: 

Computer Network A computer network , often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. MGT 107 Computers and IT 13

Properties: 

Properties Facilitate communications Permit sharing of files, data, and other types of information Share network and computing resources May be insecure May interfere with other technologies May be difficult to set up MGT 107 Computers and IT 14

Network topology: 

Network topology A network topology is the layout of the interconnections of the nodes of a computer network. Common layouts Bus network : all nodes are connected to a common medium along this medium. S tar network : all nodes are connected to a special central node. Ring network : each node is connected to its left and right neighbor node Mesh network : each node is connected to an arbitrary number of neighbors Fully connected network : each node is connected to every other node in the network. MGT 107 Computers and IT 15

Bus network layout: 

Bus network layout A bus network topology is a network architecture in which a set of clients are connected via a shared communications line, called a bus MGT 107 Computers and IT 16

Pros and Cons: 

Pros and Cons Advantage Disadvantage Easy to implement and extend. Well-suited for temporary or small networks not requiring high speeds Less expensive than other topologies (Cost effective; only a single cable is used). Easy identification of cable faults. Limited cable length and number of stations. If there is a problem with the cable, the entire network breaks down. Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run. Performance degrades as additional computers are added or on heavy traffic. Proper termination is required. Significant Capacitive Load. It works best with limited number of nodes. Commonly has a slower data transfer rate than other topologies. Only one packet can remain on the bus during one clock pulse 17 MGT 107 Computers and IT

Ring network: 

Ring network A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring MGT 107 Computers and IT 18

Pros and Cons: 

Pros and Cons Advantage Disadvantage Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the opportunity to transmit Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity between the computers One malfunctioning workstation can create problems for the entire network Moves, adds and changes of devices can affect the network Communication delay is directly proportional to number of nodes in the network Bandwidth is shared on all links between devices 19 MGT 107 Computers and IT

Star network layout: 

Star network layout Star networks consists of a central node, to which all other nodes are connected; this central node provides a common connection point for all nodes through a hub. MGT 107 Computers and IT 20

Pros and Cons: 

Pros and Cons Advantage Disadvantage Better performance Isolation of devices . Benefits from centralization No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. High dependence of the system on the functioning of the central hub Failure of the central hub renders the network inoperable 21 MGT 107 Computers and IT

Mesh Network: 

Mesh Network Each computer is connected delicately to every other computer on the network forming a mesh. MGT 107 Computers and IT 22

Pros and Cons: 

Pros and Cons Advantages Disadvantages Use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data load. It is robust topology. It provides a lot of privacy and security as every message travels along a dedicated line. Fault tolerance and identification is very easy in this topology. Installation and reconfiguration in mesh topology are very difficult. A good amount of cabling and the no. of IO ports are required. It is very expensive than other topologies . 23 MGT 107 Computers and IT

Hyper Text Markup Language: 

Hyper Text Markup Language MGT 107 Computers and IT 24

HTML: 

HTML MGT 107 Computers and IT 25 Filename extension .html, .htm Internet media type Text/html Type code TEXT Uniform Type Identifier Public.html Developed by World Wide Web Consortium & WHATWG Type of format Markup language Extended form SGML Extended to XHTML Standards ISO/ IEC 15445 W3cHTML 4.01 W3cHTML5 (draft)

HTML: 

HTML Predominant markup language for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of webpages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags , enclosed in angle brackets (like <html >) The first tag in a pair is the start tag , the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags ). MGT 107 Computers and IT 26

HTML: 

HTML Markup HTML markup consists of elements (and their attributes ), character-based data types , character references, entity references and document type declaration Elements HTML element is everything between and including the start and end tags. Each tag is enclosed in angle brackets. < tag attribute1=" value1"attribute2 ="value2"> content </tag>. MGT 107 Computers and IT 27

HTML: 

HTML Attributes Name-value pairs, separated by "=“ Written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes Types: The id attribute The class attribute T he style attribute The title attribute The lang attribute MGT 107 Computers and IT 28

HTML: 

HTML Character and entity references HTML 4.0 defines a set of 252 character entity references and a set of 1,114,050 numeric character references Data types HTML defines several data types Document type declaration In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering MGT 107 Computers and IT 29

HTML: 

HTML Semantic HTML A way of writing HTML that emphasizes the meaning of the encoded information over its presentation. Delivery Delivered either by HTTP from a web server or by email . HTTP The World Wide Web is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). MGT 107 Computers and IT 30

HTML: 

HTML HTML e-mail Most graphical email clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide formatting and semantic markup Compatibility issues, because it can help disguise phishing attacks Naming conventions .html/ .htm HTML Application Microsoft Windows application that uses HTML and Dynamic HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface Runs as a fully trusted application and therefore has more privileges HTAs cannot be executed via HTTP, but must be downloaded MGT 107 Computers and IT 31

Reference: 

Reference Internet Miller, Michaeil , Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc ., pg 202 IT & Systems-I, ICFAI University Press, 2003, pg 46, 47, 50 www.wikipedia.org/Internet, 04:30 am, 19-11-2011 www.wikipedia.org/TCP/IP, 04:35 am, 19-11-2011 HTML Hyslop , Bruce, The HTML Pocket Guide , Peach Pit Press Wikibook - HTML www.wikipedia.org/HTML, 09:00 am, 19-11-2011 Computer Network and Network Typology O’Brien, James A., Management Information Systems (Tata McGraw-Hill, 1999) pg 247 Goel , Ritendra and Kakar , D.N., Aomputer Applications in Management, New Age International Publications, 2003, pg 296-298 www.wikipedia.org/Bus network, 04:00 am, 19-11-2011 www.wikipedia.org/Star network, 04:02 am, 19-11-2011 www.wikipedia.org/Ring network, 04:05 am, 19-11-2011 www.wikipedia.org/Computer network , 04:08 am, 19-11-2011 MGT 107 Computers and IT 32

PowerPoint Presentation: 

MGT 107 Computers and IT 33 Thank You And I am open to queries…………..