North American Cultures- Moundbuilders Adena

Native North American Cultures : 

Native North American Cultures

Native Americans Nation = Tribe Native American = Indian : 

Native Americans Nation = Tribe Native American = Indian

Cultures of the Americas: 

Cultures of the Americas Adena Hopewell Mississippian Anasazi Pueblo Hopi Zuni Plains Mandan Sioux

Slide 4: 

Yes, Native Americans built pyramids, too. There are THOUSANDS of ruins throughout the United States to prove it !

Slide 5: 

Criel Mound, South Charleston, West Virginia Colonial explorers crossed the Appalachian Mountains and discovered large earthen mounds and geometric earthworks !! Who built these mounds? Why?

Mound Builders: 

Mound Builders The Adena The Hopewell Culture The Mississippians

Mound Builders: 

Mound Builders Built mounds 3000 years ago Stretched from Iowa – Mississippi-Florida

Mound Builders: 

Mound Builders Examples: Serpent Mound in Ohio – 1200 ft long, 3 ft high Iowa – Effigy Mounds – Sand Springs Wildlife Area by Steamboat Rock

Slide 10: 

THE ADENA MOUNDBUILDERS

The Adena Moundbuilders: 

Adena built mounds to bury dead. Adena occupied valleys along Ohio River and its tributaries from about 1000 B. C. to 400 A. D. Hopewell and Mississippian people also built mounds The Adena Moundbuilders

The Adena Moundbuilders: 

The Adena Moundbuilders Adena people named after estate of Ohio Governor Worthington In 1901 mound on Adena estate was excavated Adena mound contained distinctive artifacts that identify the Adena group

The Adena Moundbuilders: 

The Adena Moundbuilders May have migrated from Mexico MtDNA indicates maternal lineage Similar physical type Similar decorative designs Both groups erected mounds over burial tombs

Slide 14: 

Adena pipe shows squat male, with goitered neck, and stylized hair. Ear spools and a loin cloth feathered in back similar to Aztec cultures The Adena Moundbuilders

The Adena Moundbuilders: Burials of Adena Elite : 

The Adena Moundbuilders : Burials of Adena Elite decorative objects copper bracelets mica pipes seed pearls tablets incised with symbols tablets with ancient writing

Adena Moundbuilders: Grave Creek Mound, Moundsville, WV: 

Adena Moundbuilders : Grave Creek Mound, Moundsville, WV

Slide 17: 

Grave Creek Mound on Tomlinson farm excavated by local men. A tunnel started four feet above ground struck a lower tomb near the center. It contained two skeletons.

Adena Moundbuilders: Grave Creek Mound Excavation: 

Adena Moundbuilders : Grave Creek Mound Excavation Shaft sunk from top A second tunnel 34 feet above ground reached upper tomb with one skeleton and grave goods including an inscribed tablet Tunnel to lower tomb

Slide 19: 

THE HAVANA HOPEWELL CULTURE 200 BCE to 400 CE

Slide 20: 

Hopewellian people Inhabited: Illinois River Valley Mississippi River Valley Iowa Illinois Missouri THE HAVANA HOPEWELL CULTURE

Slide 21: 

Ancestral to: Mississippian culture Cahokia (and its hinterlands) THE HAVANA HOPEWELL CULTURE

Slide 22: 

Illinois Northwest Indiana Southwest Michigan HAVANA HOPEWELL SITES Southern Wisconsin Minnesota Northeast Iowa

HOPEWELL CULTURE: 

HOPEWELL CULTURE

Slide 25: 

300 BCE Began in Ohio & Illinois River Valleys More a system of interaction among a variety of societies than a single society or culture THE HOPEWELL EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Slide 26: 

Extensive Trade Networks: obsidian Yellowstone area Copper Lake Superior Shells Gulf Coast THE HOPEWELL EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Slide 27: 

THE MISSISSIPPIAN CIVILIZATION 800 CE to 1500 CE

Mississippian Culture: 

Mississippian Culture Cultural Traits The construction of large, truncated earthwork pyramid mounds, or platform mounds. usually square or rectangular occasionally circular Structures were constructed atop mounds domestic houses, temples, burial buildings, or other

Slide 30: 

Moundville State Park Mississippian Civilization Alabama, USA

Mississippian Culture: 

Mississippian Culture Maize-based agriculture Large-scale, intensive maize agriculture Allowed support of larger populations Allowed craft specialization Use of riverine shell-tempering agents in ceramics

Mississippian Culture: 

Mississippian Culture Maize-based agriculture Large-scale, intensive maize agriculture Allowed support of larger populations Allowed craft specialization Use of riverine shell-tempering agents in ceramics

Slide 33: 

Poverty Point Mississippian Civilization Louisiana, USA

Mississippian Culture: 

Mississippian Culture Widespread trade networks extending as far west as the Rockies, north to the Great Lakes, south to the Gulf of Mexico, and east to the Atlantic Ocean.

Mississippian Culture: 

Mississippian Culture The development of the chiefdom or complex chiefdom level of social complexity The development of institutionalized social inequality A centralization of control of combined political and religious power in the hands of few or one

Mississippian Culture: 

Mississippian Culture Settlement hierarchy One major center has clear influence or control over a number of lesser communities

Slide 37: 

Mississippian Civilization Eastern United States

Lecture Endpoint Wed, Dec 15th, 2010: 

Lecture Endpoint Wed, Dec 15 th , 2010

Mississippian Beliefs : SECC: 

Mississippian Beliefs : SECC The adoption of the paraphernalia of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), also called the Southern Cult SECC items are found in Mississippian-culture sites from Wisconsin to the Gulf Coast, and from Florida to Arkansas and Oklahoma. The SECC was frequently tied in to ritual game-playing

SECC Extent and Sites: 

SECC Extent and Sites

Mississippian Beliefs : SECC: 

S.E.C.C. imagery focuses on cosmology Supernatural beings inhabit the cosmos The cosmological map encompassed real, knowable locations In this world In the supernatural reality of the Otherworld Mississippian Beliefs : SECC

Mississippian Beliefs : SECC: 

Mississippian Beliefs : SECC S.E.C.C. imagery focuses on cosmology Supernatural beings inhabit the cosmos The cosmological map encompassed real, knowable locations In this world In the supernatural reality of the Otherworld

Slide 43: 

Ocmulgee Pyramids (scale model in museum) Mississippian Civilization Ocmulgee, Georgia, USA

Artifacts with S.E.C.C. imagery : 

Artifacts with S.E.C.C. imagery Motifs have been found on Shell Pottery Carved stone Copper

Cahokia: 

Cahokia Ancient Indian City in IL Over 30,000 residents

Slide 46: 

What Cahokia Pyramids looked like 1,000 years ago. East St. Louis, Indiana, USA

Cahokia: 

Cahokia Monks Mound 16 Acres Basketloads of Dirt

Slide 48: 

Cahokia Pyramids Mississippian Civilization Indiana, USA

Contact with Europeans: 

Contact with Europeans Scholars have searched the records of Hernando de Soto in 1539–1543 looking for evidence of contacts with Mississippians. He visited many villages, in some cases staying for a month or longer. Some encounters were violent, while others were relatively peaceable. In some cases, De Soto seems to have been used as a tool or ally in long-standing native feuds. In one example, de Soto negotiated a truce between the Pasha and the Casqui. De Soto's later encounters left about half of the Spaniards and perhaps many hundreds of Native Americans dead. The chronicles of de Soto are among the first documents written about Mississippian peoples, and are an invaluable source of information on their cultural practices.

A map showing the de Soto route through the Southeast: 

A map showing the de Soto route through the Southeast

Change from Contact: 

Change from Contact DIRECTLY continued their way of life with little direct European influence

Change from Contact: 

Change from Contact INDIRECTLY European introductions change the face of the Eastern United States. Diseases such as measles and smallpox caused many fatalities, Virgin Population Increased death rate undermined the social order of many chiefdoms Some groups adopted European horses and changed back to nomadic ways Political structures collapsed in many places

Slide 56: 

Etowah Pyramids (scale model) Mississippian Civilization Georgia, USA

Change from Contact: 

Change from Contact Lasting Changes Some groups maintained an oral tradition link to their mound-building past Cherokee- Hudson Other Native American groups did not know their ancestors had built the mounds dotting the landscape Migrated many hundreds of miles Lost their elders to disease Created an irreplaceable rift in history

Slide 58: 

Ocmulgee Pyramids Mississippian Civilization Ocmulgee, Georgia, USA

Cultural Collapse: 

Cultural Collapse Contemporaries with the Anasazi Collapse coincides with: Global climate change of the Little Ice Age Widespread drought and collapse of maize agriculture Deforestation & overhunting Overly concentrated populations

Modern Descendants: 

Modern Descendants Alabama, Apalachee, Caddo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, Kansa, Missouri, Mobilian, Natchez, Osage Nation, Quapaw, Seminole, Tunica-Biloxi, Yamasee, and Yuchi

Slide 61: 

Miamisburg Circular Pyramid Mississippian Civilization Miamisburg, Ohio, USA

Slide 62: 

Moundville Pyramids State Park Mississippian Civilization Alabama, USA

Slide 63: 

Emerald Mound Pyramids Mississippian Civilization Mississippi, USA

Slide 64: 

Etowah Pyramids Mississippian Civilization Georgia, USA

Southwest and Great Plains Cultures: 

Southwest and Great Plains Cultures Pueblo Hopi Zuni Plains Mandan Sioux Anasazi

Slide 66: 

The “ Anasazi “: Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans 800 CE to 1500 CE

“Anazasi” Ancient Ones: 

“Anazasi” Ancient Ones Anasazi Navajo meaning "Ancient Ones" or "Ancient Enemy"

Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans: 

Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans Four Corners Tribes

“Anazasi” Ancient Ones: 

“Anazasi” Ancient Ones Lived in the Desert SW Used vast irrigation system Built pueblos Used Adobe (Sun Dried Bricks

“Anazasi” Ancient Ones: 

Cliff Dwellings Built for protection Toe holds to reach the top Pueblo Bonito – 800 Rooms 1000 people “Anazasi” Ancient Ones

Slide 71: 

Pueblo Bonito Anasazi Civilization New Mexico, USA

Slide 72: 

Pueblo Bonito Anasazi Civilization New Mexico, USA

“Anazasi” Ancient Ones: 

Central point: Chaco Canyon Modern Day New Mexico Massive network of roads connected villages to the Central Point Echoed the celestial map “Anazasi” Ancient Ones

Slide 74: 

Chaco Canyon Ruins Anasazi Civilization New Mexico, USA

Slide 76: 

Celestial Observatory Ruins Anasazi Civilization Arizona, USA

Slide 77: 

Cliff Palace Ruins Anasazi Civilization Colorado, USA

Slide 79: 

Aztec Ruins State Park Anasazi Civilization New Mexico, USA

Slide 80: 

Wupatki Ruins Anasazi Civilization Arizona, USA

Slide 81: 

Wupatki Ruins ball court Anasazi Civilization Arizona, USA

Slide 82: 

Anasazi Ruins Anasazi Civilization Grand Canyon, AZ , USA

Slide 83: 

Anasazi Tower Anasazi Civilization Utah, USA

Slide 84: 

The Pueblo Indians (Descendants ) Mandan Sioux

Slide 86: 

The Plains Indians

Slide 88: 

Middle Woodland Cultures