lc 11 18 03 ecosystems

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Ecosystem Energy and Nutrient flow: 

Ecosystem Energy and Nutrient flow Ecology Lecture 18 November 2003

Ecosystems: 

Ecosystems 1. Biotic community and the abiotic environment. 2. Functional system which transfers and circulates energy and matter.

Trophic Structure Reminder: 

Trophic Structure Reminder Eltonian pyramids Number of individuals per species Is this pyramid stable?

Trophic Structure Reminder: 

Trophic Structure Reminder What if we transformed each species into biomass instead of absolute numbers?

Trophic Structure Reminder: 

Trophic Structure Reminder Do biomass or counts include generation time/reproduction, how much energy is available for growth, or decomposers?

Trophic Structure Reminder: 

Trophic Structure Reminder Express trophic structure as energy transfer Energy pyramids can never be inverted Is there room for anyone else at the top of this food chain?

Ecosystems Are Energy Transformers: 

Ecosystems Are Energy Transformers J.M. Teal (1962)

Transfer Efficiencies: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE= % AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Transfer Efficiencies: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I1=100 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE= % AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Transfer Efficiencies: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I1=100 I=10 R=2 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE= % AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Transfer Efficiencies: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE= % AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide12: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide13: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE= % R+E=1000 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide14: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I1=100 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide15: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I=100 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide16: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I1=100 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE= % Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide17: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I1=100 I=10 R=2 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide18: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I1=100 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Slide19: 

Transfer Efficiencies Plants A (GPP)=2000 Herbivores A=50 Carnivores A=8 P=10 Solar Energy= 1,000,000 AE=50% R+E=1000 R=50 I1=100 I=10 R=2 NPP=1000 P=1 E=40 E=7 AE=2% AE=80% Kcal m-2 y-1

Take home: Ecosystems are Energy Transformers: 

Take home: Ecosystems are Energy Transformers Approximate 10% energy transfer between each trophic level More efficient energy use as you increase trophic levels Is there room for anyone else at the top of the pyramid? Which level is most important to pyramid stability?

21.1 Production: 

21.1 Production Energy flow in an ecosystem: primarily plants Approximately 99% by weight of Earth’s living mantle is green plants GPP: Gross Primary Production Energy fixed in photosynthesis NPP: Net Primary Production Biomass accrued by plants: wt. living plant material Energy loss: respiration, tissue turnover, herbivory

Measuring the Energy Content of Plants: 

Measuring the Energy Content of Plants Calorimetry Heat generation Harvesting Linear growth Clip plots: why measure dry weight? CO2 uptake method Li-Cor photosynthesis system O2 output Lt. and dk. bottles Chlorophyll concentration

Carbon cycle: 

Carbon cycle http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/13.htm, 1980-1989

21.2 Limits to Primary Production: 

21.2 Limits to Primary Production Water Temperature Light Nutrient deficiency

Production v. Precipitation: 

Production v. Precipitation Precipitation (mm)

Limits to Primary Production: 

Limits to Primary Production Water Temperature Light Nutrient deficiency

Production vs. Temperature: 

Production vs. Temperature Temperature + Moisture= Evapotranspiration High rates ideal for plant growth

Limits to Primary Production: 

Limits to Primary Production Water Temperature Light Nutrient deficiency

22.3 Light: 

22.3 Light Light-photosynthesis relationship C4 plants do well in full sunlight

Limits to Primary Production: 

Limits to Primary Production Water Temperature Light Nutrient deficiency

Macronutrients: 

Macronutrients Table 22.1: N P S K Ca Mg Fe Na Cl

22.1 Soils: 

22.1 Soils Other Animals Eat Berries Can’t Rabbits?

Soil Nutrient Reserves: 

Soil Nutrient Reserves

Nutrient limitation: 

Nutrient limitation Which nutrient was most limiting? Leibig’s Law of the Minimum: Species abundance controlled by most limiting factor Ecological stoichiometry N:P ratios Sequence of limiting factors

21.3 Patterns in Primary Production: 

21.3 Patterns in Primary Production Efficiency of gross primary production: =Energy fixed Energy in incident sunlight Limitations???

Global Patterns in Primary Production: 

Global Patterns in Primary Production

22.2 Nutrient Availability: 

22.2 Nutrient Availability Pools: Transport: Meteorological Geological Biological Cycles: Local Global=giant biosphere

The Phosphorus Cycle!: 

Occluded P Primary Minerals Secondary Minerals Solution P Labile Inorganic P Vegetation Labile Organic P Soil Microbes Stable Organic P Plant Residues The Phosphorus Cycle! Adapted from Walbridge (1991)

The Phosphorus Cycle!: 

Occluded P Primary Minerals Secondary Minerals Solution P Labile Inorganic P Vegetation Labile Organic P Soil Microbes Stable Organic P Plant Residues The Phosphorus Cycle! Geological

The Phosphorus Cycle!: 

Occluded P Primary Minerals Secondary Minerals Solution P Labile Inorganic P Vegetation Labile Organic P Soil Microbes Stable Organic P Plant Residues The Phosphorus Cycle! Biological

The Nitrogen Cycle!: 

Oxic Anoxic The Nitrogen Cycle!

The Nitrogen Cycle!: 

Oxic Anoxic Org. N N2 N2O NH4+ NO2- NO3- N-fixation Denitrification The Nitrogen Cycle! Gas Phase (Meteorological)

The Nitrogen Cycle!: 

N2O Oxic Anoxic Org. N N2 NH4+ NO2- NO3- Assimilation (Biological) The Nitrogen Cycle!

Nitrogen Cycling: 

Nitrogen Cycling

Ecosystems: 

Ecosystems 1. Biotic community and the abiotic environment. 2. Functional system which transfers and circulates energy and matter.

Biotic Affects on Nutrient Availability: 

Biotic Affects on Nutrient Availability What affect do trees have on the stream water concentration of important macronutrients in the Walker Branch Watershed? Deforestation