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Premium member Presentation Transcript Energy - Releasing Pathways: Energy - Releasing Pathways Starr/Taggart’s Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9e Chapter 8Key Concepts:: Key Concepts: All organisms can release energy stored in glucose and other compounds and use it in ATP production Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen Fermentation is an anaerobic process and occurs in the cytoplasm Aerobic respiration yields more energy from glucose and occurs in the mitochondriaKey Concepts:: Key Concepts: Aerobic respiration has three stages Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are linked on a global scale Sunlight -----> Photosynthesis C6H12O6 + 6O2 Aerobic Respiration 6CO2 + 6 H2OHow Cells Make ATP: How Cells Make ATP Photosynthesis Glycolysis Aerobic Pathways Anaerobic Pathways FermentationOverview of Aerobic Respiration: Overview of Aerobic Respiration Most ATP produced Yield of 36 ATP or more Summary: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6 H2O Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide WaterRespiration: Respiration Glycolysis In cytoplasm Krebs Cycle In mitochondria Electron Transport System In mitochondriaGlycolysis: Glycolysis Glucose to Pyruvate 2 ATP needed to start process Substrate-level Phosphorylation NAD+ ---> NADH End-Product 2 molecules of pyruvateGlycolysis: Glycolysis Glycolysis: GlycolysisSecond Stage of the Aerobic Pathway: Second Stage of the Aerobic Pathway Pyruvate enters mitochondria Krebs Cycle Inner compartment Electron Transport Inner membraneSecond Stage Reactions: Preparatory Steps : Second Stage Reactions: Preparatory Steps Pyruvate is stripped of a carboxyl group which departs as carbon dioxide It also gives up hydrogen and electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH Coenzyme A joins with remaining two-carbon fragment to form acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle: Krebs Cycle Acetyl-CoA transfers its two carbon fragment to oxaloacetate to start the cycle During the cycle - NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH2 Phosphate-level phosphorylation produces ATP Oxaloacetate is regenerated Carbon dioxide is released Electron Transport Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Phosphorylation Innner membrane H+ concentration and electrical gradients ATP Synthases Formation of ATP from ADP and Pi by H+ flowSummary of the Energy Harvest: Summary of the Energy Harvest Glycolysis 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 2 NADH (used to form 4 ATP during third stage) Krebs Cycle 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Electron Transport Phosphorylation 28 ATP by electron transport phosphorylationAnaerobic Routes of ATP Formation: Anaerobic Routes of ATP Formation Fermentation pathways Bacteria, yeasts and protistans Glycolysis - first step Net yield of two ATP Final product is lactate or ethanolLactate Fermentation: Lactate Fermentation Muscle cells in animals Quick ATP production Some bacteriaAlcohol Fermentation: Alcohol Fermentation Acetaldehyde is intermediate product YeastsAnaerobic Electron Transport: Anaerobic Electron Transport Some bacteria Cycling of sulfur, nitrogen and others In plasma membrane Inorganic compound serves as final electron acceptor Alternative Energy Sources in the Human Body: Alternative Energy Sources in the Human Body Carbohydrates Production of ATP from metabolism Excess stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells Fats Triglycerides Stored in adipose tissue Can be used for energy Proteins Growth, maintenance, repair Can be used for ATP productionIn Conclusion: In Conclusion Aerobic respiration, fermentation, and other pathways release energy that produce ATP NAD+ is the main coenzyme. FAD also is involved Oxidation - reduction reactions are involved Glycolysis is the start to all the pathways Net yield of Glycolysis is 2 ATPIn Conclusion: In Conclusion Aerobic respiration involves two more stages: Krebs cycle and electron transport phosphorylation These steps proceed in the mitochondria Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl-CoA to start the Krebs cycle The electron transport system involves delivery of H+ by coenzymesIn Conclusion: In Conclusion H+ accumulate and gradients form across the membrane Energy released during H+ flow drives the formation of ATP Oxygen combines with H+ to form water Aerobic respiration yields 36 ATP for each glucose molecule metabolized Fermentation is an anaerobic process Lactate fermentation yields 2 ATPIn Conclusion: In Conclusion Alcohol fermentation yields 2 ATP Some bacteria use anaerobic electron transport with inorganic compounds as the final electron acceptor In some animals, sugars, fats, and amino acids can enter the ATP-producing pathways developed by M. 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ch08 lecture Rina Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 963 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: February 07, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Energy - Releasing Pathways: Energy - Releasing Pathways Starr/Taggart’s Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9e Chapter 8Key Concepts:: Key Concepts: All organisms can release energy stored in glucose and other compounds and use it in ATP production Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen Fermentation is an anaerobic process and occurs in the cytoplasm Aerobic respiration yields more energy from glucose and occurs in the mitochondriaKey Concepts:: Key Concepts: Aerobic respiration has three stages Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are linked on a global scale Sunlight -----> Photosynthesis C6H12O6 + 6O2 Aerobic Respiration 6CO2 + 6 H2OHow Cells Make ATP: How Cells Make ATP Photosynthesis Glycolysis Aerobic Pathways Anaerobic Pathways FermentationOverview of Aerobic Respiration: Overview of Aerobic Respiration Most ATP produced Yield of 36 ATP or more Summary: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6 H2O Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide WaterRespiration: Respiration Glycolysis In cytoplasm Krebs Cycle In mitochondria Electron Transport System In mitochondriaGlycolysis: Glycolysis Glucose to Pyruvate 2 ATP needed to start process Substrate-level Phosphorylation NAD+ ---> NADH End-Product 2 molecules of pyruvateGlycolysis: Glycolysis Glycolysis: GlycolysisSecond Stage of the Aerobic Pathway: Second Stage of the Aerobic Pathway Pyruvate enters mitochondria Krebs Cycle Inner compartment Electron Transport Inner membraneSecond Stage Reactions: Preparatory Steps : Second Stage Reactions: Preparatory Steps Pyruvate is stripped of a carboxyl group which departs as carbon dioxide It also gives up hydrogen and electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH Coenzyme A joins with remaining two-carbon fragment to form acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle: Krebs Cycle Acetyl-CoA transfers its two carbon fragment to oxaloacetate to start the cycle During the cycle - NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH2 Phosphate-level phosphorylation produces ATP Oxaloacetate is regenerated Carbon dioxide is released Electron Transport Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Phosphorylation Innner membrane H+ concentration and electrical gradients ATP Synthases Formation of ATP from ADP and Pi by H+ flowSummary of the Energy Harvest: Summary of the Energy Harvest Glycolysis 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 2 NADH (used to form 4 ATP during third stage) Krebs Cycle 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Electron Transport Phosphorylation 28 ATP by electron transport phosphorylationAnaerobic Routes of ATP Formation: Anaerobic Routes of ATP Formation Fermentation pathways Bacteria, yeasts and protistans Glycolysis - first step Net yield of two ATP Final product is lactate or ethanolLactate Fermentation: Lactate Fermentation Muscle cells in animals Quick ATP production Some bacteriaAlcohol Fermentation: Alcohol Fermentation Acetaldehyde is intermediate product YeastsAnaerobic Electron Transport: Anaerobic Electron Transport Some bacteria Cycling of sulfur, nitrogen and others In plasma membrane Inorganic compound serves as final electron acceptor Alternative Energy Sources in the Human Body: Alternative Energy Sources in the Human Body Carbohydrates Production of ATP from metabolism Excess stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells Fats Triglycerides Stored in adipose tissue Can be used for energy Proteins Growth, maintenance, repair Can be used for ATP productionIn Conclusion: In Conclusion Aerobic respiration, fermentation, and other pathways release energy that produce ATP NAD+ is the main coenzyme. FAD also is involved Oxidation - reduction reactions are involved Glycolysis is the start to all the pathways Net yield of Glycolysis is 2 ATPIn Conclusion: In Conclusion Aerobic respiration involves two more stages: Krebs cycle and electron transport phosphorylation These steps proceed in the mitochondria Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl-CoA to start the Krebs cycle The electron transport system involves delivery of H+ by coenzymesIn Conclusion: In Conclusion H+ accumulate and gradients form across the membrane Energy released during H+ flow drives the formation of ATP Oxygen combines with H+ to form water Aerobic respiration yields 36 ATP for each glucose molecule metabolized Fermentation is an anaerobic process Lactate fermentation yields 2 ATPIn Conclusion: In Conclusion Alcohol fermentation yields 2 ATP Some bacteria use anaerobic electron transport with inorganic compounds as the final electron acceptor In some animals, sugars, fats, and amino acids can enter the ATP-producing pathways developed by M. Roig