05 Nanocenter 2004

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Laboratory Safety Training Columbia University: 

Laboratory Safety Training Columbia University Nanotechnology Center Personnel Ilona Linins, Senior Safety Officer, Office of Environmental Health and Radiation Safety (EH&RS)

Part I: Overview of Regulations: 

Part I: Overview of Regulations OSHA 29CFR1920.1450 FDNY RCNY Chapter 10 EPA Regulations Columbia University Policy for Safe Use of Chemicals in Laboratories

OSHA 29CFR1920.1450: 

OSHA 29CFR1920.1450 The Federal Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated the OSHA Laboratory Standard of 1990 to address the occupational hazards of research laboratory workers (graduate students, PostDocs, professors too!), a segment of the workforce previously overlooked by OSHA.

OSHA 29CFR1920.1450: OSHA Laboratory Standard: 

OSHA 29CFR1920.1450: OSHA Laboratory Standard Employee Exposure Determination If there is any reason to believe that lab personnel will be exposed to hazardous chemicals during the course of their work, then CU must monitor exposure

OSHA Laboratory Standard: 

OSHA Laboratory Standard Employee Information and Training Initial training occurs before or soon after appointment to CU STAT Training Training for Individual Research Groups Web-based Training (e.g. Rascal, EH&RS website) EH&RS Newsletters and Safety Bulletins Etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

OSHA Laboratory Standard: 

OSHA Laboratory Standard Medical Consultations and Examinations All employees who work with hazardous chemicals must be given the opportunity to receive medical attention, including any medically-necessary follow-up exams, provided by CU without cost or loss of pay to the employee

OSHA Laboratory Standard Hazard Identification: 

OSHA Laboratory Standard Hazard Identification

OSHA Laboratory Standard Hazard Identification: 

OSHA Laboratory Standard Hazard Identification Labels on all chemical containers must be intact and accurate as to their contents This is also a Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirement …and a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) requirement …and a Columbia University requirement P.S. – unknown hazardous waste is appallingly expensive to dispose of

OSHA Laboratory Standard Respirator Use: 

OSHA Laboratory Standard Respirator Use Respirator use is not recommended! Considered the absolute last line of defense against exposure Modify work practices or experimental procedures instead

New York City Fire Department (FDNY) RCNY§10: 

New York City Fire Department (FDNY) RCNY§10 Regulations for the storage and use of chemicals, acids and gases in college, university, hospital, research and commercial laboratories. Primarily concerned with fire prevention Regulations will be different from those of other cities/states Line of reasoning behind regulations may not be apparent…

Some frequently encountered FDNY laboratory violations: 

Some frequently encountered FDNY laboratory violations Laboratories are inspected annually by FDNY personnel before the lab permit can be reissued

Excessive Flammable Storage: 

Excessive Flammable Storage

Excessive Flammable Storage: 

Excessive Flammable Storage Flammable limit based on lab type, which in turn is based on fire rating of lab 4 Lab types: I, II, III, IV Flammable limits of 30, 25, 20, 15 gallons, respectively To some departments and research groups, these are very low limits and are easily exceeded

Excessive Flammable Storage: 

Excessive Flammable Storage Any flammable material stored/used in a lab is counted toward the flammable inventory of the room. This includes: Flammable materials stored inside a flammable storage cabinet Flammable materials stored in a flammable storage- or explosion proof refrigerator Flammable solvents in closed-system solvent purification systems Flammable hazardous waste

Improper Acid Storage: 

Improper Acid Storage Flammables and acids must be segregated Oxidizing acids must be stored separate from all other chemicals, including other acids Must be stored to prevent contact with bare metal/wood Must be stored on a plastic liner/tray to minimize potential contamination/spills

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): 

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) = Hazardous Waste Regulations See online Hazardous Waste training for more information

EPA Inspection March and July 2001: 

EPA Inspection March and July 2001 Colleges and universities, although always subject to the same environmental regulations as industry, had never been inspected by EPA Every lab, every chemical storage room – in every department, was inspected EPA focus: RCRA compliance

What were EPA’s findings?: 

What were EPA’s findings? Incompletely labeled chemical containers. Use full chemical names only, never abbreviations. For synthesized compounds, use IUPAC names and structural formulas Uncapped hazardous waste containers. This constitutes a violation of the Clean Air Act. Do not attempt to reduce the volume of hazardous waste or reagent by evaporation in a fume hood – please! Chemical reagents decomposing into hazardous waste. Please dispose of obviously-decomposing chemical reagents before the label falls off or the chemical violently reacts

Part II: Hazard Recognition: 

Part II: Hazard Recognition Chemical Hazards: corrosives/irritants, poisons Hazard Assessment for Chemicals Physical Hazards: compressed gases, laser hazards

Corrosive Materials: 

Corrosive Materials Chemical substances that, by direct chemical action, are injurious to living tissues or corrosive to metal surfaces The degree of hazard associated with a corrosive material is greatly dependent upon its physical state (solid, liquid, gas) Minor corrosive injury = irritation

Corrosive Liquids: 

Corrosive Liquids Most common cause of corrosive injury Corrosive liquids will destroy any living tissue but the most frequently injured organs are the skin and eyes. Corrosive vapors can also escape from some solutions (check out the interior of any acid cabinet). Fuming acids are particularly hazardous

Corrosive Liquids: Bases: 

Corrosive Liquids: Bases Concentrated alkalies are more damaging to tissues than most strong inorganic acids Alkaline solutions gelatinize and saponify tissues, producing deeply penetrating, painful burns Even weak alkaline solutions can dissolve skin fats and weaken the epidermis, making the skin more permeable to other agents Initial contact may not be painful – poor warning property!

Corrosive Liquids: Acids: 

Corrosive Liquids: Acids Chemical action of acids is different from that of bases. Acids burn largely due to thermal action with moisture in tissues. When acids come into contact with skin, the acid reacts to form a (very slightly) protective barrier, whereas bases dissolve proteins.

Corrosive Liquids: organic solvents: 

Corrosive Liquids: organic solvents A corrosive liquid need not have a very high or low pH to be capable of causing corrosive injury. Many organic solvents can cause severe irritation of skin and mucus membranes by defatting tissues, which paves the way for secondary infections.

Corrosive Liquids: hydrofluoric acid: 

Corrosive Liquids: hydrofluoric acid HF and gaseous hydrogen fluoride merit special discussion. These are easily the most hazardous corrosive materials encountered in the laboratory HF is extremely dangerous not only because it is an acid but because the fluoride ion is capable of traveling through layers of tissue on its way to the bone, producing severe, slow healing burns Always store/use HF solutions and hydrogen fluoride gas in a chemical fume hood – never on the lab bench!

Corrosive Gases: 

Corrosive Gases Most seriously hazardous of all corrosive materials! Readily absorbed into the body by dissolution in tissue moisture (e.g. in skin and/or respiratory tract and/or eyes). Severity of the corrosive effect and the region o the respiratory tract affected by exposure is greatly dependent upon the aqueous solubility of the chemical (see table on next slide). Always use/store corrosive gases in a chemical fume hood – never ever on the bench!

Corrosive Gases: 

Corrosive Gases

Compressed Gas Cylinders: 

Compressed Gas Cylinders

Compressed Gas Cylinders: 

Compressed Gas Cylinders Store/use upright and secured Cylinder must be hydrostatically tested every 10 years (by the manufacturer) Transport cylinders in cylinder carts with protective cap and restraining chain in place Do not use unknown cylinders! Open cylinder only after the correct regulator is in place Test for leaks with soap solution (e.g. Snoop)

Compressed Gas Cylinders: 

Compressed Gas Cylinders Do not force/modify any cylinder valve Use O2 regulators for O2 only Do not empty any cylinder to atmosphere Clearly label empty cylinders as such Store full cylinders separately from empty

Flammable Gas Storage/Use: 

Flammable Gas Storage/Use Cylinder must be connected to equipment requiring its use ONE equally-sized cylinder in reserve Flammable gases and oxidizing gases situated at least 25ft apart “Flammable Gas” sign posted on door

Hazard Assessment: 

Hazard Assessment What is the probability of exposure?

Hazard Assessment: Chemical Reactivity: 

Hazard Assessment: Chemical Reactivity

Hazard Assessment: Warning Properties: 

Hazard Assessment: Warning Properties Easily detectable warning properties = less hazardous Intensely irritating Strong odor Low odor threshold [Color]

Hazard Assessment: Quantity large quantities = large hazard: 

Hazard Assessment: Quantity large quantities = large hazard

Hazard Assessment: How is the chemical used?: 

Hazard Assessment: How is the chemical used? • Large, open reaction vessel • No engineering controls • Heated • > 1 atm or <<< 1 atm

Part III: Hazard Control: 

Part III: Hazard Control Chemical Hazard Information Engineering Controls Personal Protective Equipment

Chemical Hazard Information: 

Chemical Hazard Information Chemical labels: National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA) Fire Rating Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Hazard Information on the Internet

Material Safety Data Sheets: 

Material Safety Data Sheets Chemical Identification Ingredients (products containing hazardous chemicals) Physical Data Chemical Reactivity Data/chemical incompatibilities Health Hazard Data (occupational exposure limits, routes of entry, health effects) Spill/leak procedures Disposal procedures Miscellaneous info

Chemical Hazard Information on the Internet: 

Chemical Hazard Information on the Internet Vermont Safety Information Resources, Inc. (Vermont SIRI): http://haz1.siri.org Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Chemical Fact Sheets (ToxFAQs): www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html NIOSH/OSHA/DOE Health Guidelines for Hazardous Chemicals: www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/index.html

Chemical Hazard Information on the Internet (cont’d.): 

Chemical Hazard Information on the Internet (cont’d.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Fact Sheets and Chemical Summaries: www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemfact/index.html Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries (LCSS): www.hhmi.org/science/labsafe/lcss

Biosafety: 

Biosafety Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL), 4th edition: www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4toc.htm

Engineering Controls: Chemical Fume Hoods: 

Engineering Controls: Chemical Fume Hoods

Fume Hood Guidelines: 

Fume Hood Guidelines Before starting an experiment, know all the physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of all the materials with which you will be working.

Fume Hood Guidelines: 

Fume Hood Guidelines Prior to using the hood, verify that the exhaust system is operational.

Fume Hood Guidelines: 

Fume Hood Guidelines Work at least 4 - 6” inside hood. Lower the sash to the lowest practicable position.

Fume Hood Guidelines: 

Fume Hood Guidelines Keep hood surfaces clear and baffles unobstructed to allow proper airflow. Airflow in a fume hood is easily disrupted; do not use the fume hood for storage!

Fume Hood Guidelines: 

Fume Hood Guidelines When using large pieces of equipment, elevate the base >2” to allow proper airflow.

Fume Hood Guidelines: 

Fume Hood Guidelines Use the sash as a shield.

Personal Protective Equipment: 

Personal Protective Equipment

Eye Protection: 

Eye Protection When working with chemicals, when working near someone working with chemicals, when working around chemicals, but not directly with chemicals themselves, Please! – always wear some form of eye protection!

Types of Eye Protection: 

Types of Eye Protection Regular safety glasses provide sub-maximum protection, and can allow splashes and chemical vapors to reach eyes. Prescription safety glasses have corrective lenses, but provide only the same degree of protection as regular safety glasses.

Types of Eye Protection: 

Types of Eye Protection Goggles provide the most protection, forming a seal against the face. Laser goggles have wavelength-specific lenses and opaque non-lens components.

Hand Protection: 

Hand Protection Glove materials (PVA nitrile, butyl, PVC) show different degrees of resistance to chemicals Heavier gloves = greater chemical resistance, but less dexterity Thin exam gloves (esp. latex) provide almost NO chemical resistance See MSDS for proper glove selection

Labcoats: 

Labcoats Labcoats provide extremely limited but critical protection from chemical splashes Useful when working with small (i.e., research sized) quantities of hazardous chemicals Heavily contaminated, well-worn labcoats must either disposed of or laundered, before they become sources of exposure themselves

Part IV: Emergency Procedures: 

Part IV: Emergency Procedures Spills/releases of hazardous materials Medical Emergencies Power Failure

Spills/Releases of Hazardous Materials: 

Spills/Releases of Hazardous Materials Do not attempt a hazardous spill yourself; you could be exposing yourself to great danger! Lab personnel usually never have the proper personal protective equipment to tackle a spill (e.g. respirators). EH&RS personnel clean up all spills of hazardous materials.

What should lab personnel do in the event of a spill?: 

What should lab personnel do in the event of a spill? If the spill occurs outside of a fume hood (i.e., chemical vapors/fumes are uncontained), all lab personnel must leave the room. Call EH&RS at x4-8749, or Security at x99 (after regular working hours only. Give the exact name of the chemical spilled, the amount, and the exact location of the spill (building/room/location within room).

What should lab personnel do in the event of a spill? (cont’d.): 

What should lab personnel do in the event of a spill? (cont’d.) If a chemical has splashed on you, or on another lab member, immediately wash it off with copious amounts of water, for at least 15 minutes. Call for medical attention only after washing.

Chemical splash in the eyes!: 

Chemical splash in the eyes! Flood eyes with copious amounts of water at eyewash for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention.

Medical Emergencies: 

Medical Emergencies For minor injuries: go to Health Services on the 3rd floor of John Jay Hall (114th st. & Amsterdam Ave., southeast corner of campus). For more serious medical emergencies (unconsciousness, chest pain, breathing stops, deep cuts requiring stitches, etc.) call Security at x99. Do NOT call 911!

Power Failure: 

Power Failure Fume hood failure: call x4-4899 (Area D) or call EH&RS, x4-8749. General power failure: close fume hoods, keep refrigerators/cold rooms closed, stop working!