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Lecture 41 History of Gardens:Formalism and the Western Tradition: 

Lecture 41 History of Gardens: Formalism and the Western Tradition Garden: as old as civilization (from Anglo-Saxon grydon, “to enclose”) Paradise: Persian word for garden

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Gardens and Gardening Garden of Eden, 19th century

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Egyptian gardens: Represent human domination over plants Formalism originated in Egyptian gardens Originated at edge of desert where natural vegetation sparse No natural landscape to copy except natural oasis Pools to supply “oasis feeling” Plantings ordered in straight lines for irrigation Formalism in Landscape Architecture Ancient Egypt

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Irrigation canals common feature Gardens enclosed on flat land Fences and walls to protect plants Plants treated architecturally: Arbor, bower, pergola: lattice work covered with vines for shade Plants originally placed on random but became ordered and symmetrical Statuary and columns

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Date garden, Sinai peninsula

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Irrigating and harvest in Egyptian vegetable garden

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Harvesting pomegranates in formal planting interspersed with ornamental columns next to a T-shaped pool

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Garden planted with fig, olive trees and flowering plants containing a pavilion with steps leading down to the water, being irrigated by a row of shadufs

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Four workers transporting trees

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Randomly-placed trees within a square enclosure surrounding square pool

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Formal Egyptian garden Around the lotus pool grow doum palms, date palms, acacias, and other trees and shrubs Source: Singer et al., 1954, Fig. 361

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Of particular interest are the two clearly indicated different types of palm trees growing around the garden The single-trunked tree is the date palm and the bifurcated tree the doum palm Source: Berrall Plan of the garden estate of a wealthy Egyptian official The approach is from a long canal (at right), and the entrance to the grounds is through an imposing gateway in their surrounding walls

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Hanging gardens of Babylon: one of the ancient wonders. Walled gardens predominate, irrigation from canals and wells, flowers enter. Gardens become synonymous with relaxation and pleasure. Assyria and Persia: Pleasure Gardens

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Hellenic Gardens and Utilitarianism Planted courts associated with buildings Gymnasia: public areas used for sport and recreation Palestra- playing field Flowers used for decoration After Alexander fusion of Greek spirit of utilitarianism with Persian sense of pleasure

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Roman mosaic, 1st century BCE Source: Harper Atlas of World History, 1992 Plato Teaching Geometry

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Roman Gardens Great advances in gardens Combination of order with great wealth Quincunx formation (persists in cemeteries) X X X X X Villa Rustica: country estates Villa Urbana: urban estates Academies: grassy enclosures

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Garden Elements in Roman Gardens Porticos: colonnaded or covered ambulatory walks Groves of trees (plane & cypress predominate) Grottos (artificial caves) Water and water work, fountain Terraces Topiary: heavy pruned shrubs Sculpture (many painted), colonnades (architectural and plants)

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Source: The Gardens of Pompeii, Jashemski, 1979 Getty Museum reconstruction of the Villa of the Papyri. Large peristyle garden

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Source: The Gardens of Pompeii, Jashemski, 1979 Peristyle garden, House of the Little Fountain

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Source: The Gardens of Pompeii, Jashemski, 1979 Peristyle garden, House of Venus Marina

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Source: The Gardens of Pompeii, Jashemski, 1979 Vine-covered triclinium in the garden of the House of the Ephebe Today glass protects Egyptian paintings on the triclinium

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Frescoed wall from Empress Livia’s Garden Pedestal in pool, Pompeii Source: Berrall

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In the foreground of the fresco a simple wooden lattice fence encloses a green walk; a more complex fence with three repeated patterns surrounds the flowers, shrubs and fruit trees (Late 1st century BCE) An Illustrated History of Gardening. Huxley, 1978 The garden room in the Empress Livia’s Roman villa was subterranean – a cool place of escape in hot summer The garden scene of which this is a part ran around all four walls

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Source: The Gardens of Pompeii, Jashemski, 1979 Garden painting, House of Venus Marina

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Source: The Gardens of Pompeii, Jashemski, 1979 Garden paintings in room off the paristyle House of the Fruit Orchard (detail of painting on east wall)

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Source: The Gardens of Pompeii, Jashemski, 1979 Garden painting on rear wall of small raised garden

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Medieval and Renaissance Gardens Monastery Ornamental and kitchen gardens Cloisters Castle gardens and the nobility Luxury and opulence

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Source: Crisp 14th century, Earliest use of wattle fence

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Distillery garden 1521 Source: Crisp XL

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Garden with lovers, spring 1499 Source: Crisp CCXV

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The gardener’s labyrinth 1577 Source: B. Henrey

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Marbled pillared pergola 1499 Source: The Garden. Berrall, 1966 15th century miniature with raised beds Source: Crisp

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First spading of the season 1495 Source: The Garden. Berrall, 1966

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1588 raised hedge around fountain, grafting Source: Crisp XXXV

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De Brig’s Garden 1612, Raised beds and formal arrangement Source: Hyams

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Paired beds and planting, 1580 Source: Crisp Fig. XXUIII

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Gardening Pieta Brueghal the Elder Source: Berrall p. 369

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18th century tools 1787 Source: Berrall p. 369

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This miniature, in the Roman de Renaud de Montauban of c 1475, shows Maugis and La Belle Oriande seated in a garden of rather formal design based on expanses of open gravel Medieval Gardens. Harvey, 1981

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Source: The Garden. Berrall, 1966

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Italian Gardens Opulence Topiary Maze

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Source: Crisp CXLVII Maze

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Italian Gardens Boboli Gardens, Florence

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Boboli Gardens, Florence

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Vizcaya Italianate Garden, Miami, Florida

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Vizcaya Italianate Garden, Miami, Florida

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Beyond the geometric pools, flanked with regimented bushes of box and yew, clipped arcades in a cypress hedge allow a view into the Arno valley Paths and plants in ornamental pots divide the stone-edged water sections and centre on a glittering fountain Source: Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988 The gardens of the Renaissance Villa La Gamberaia outside Florence were restored at the end of the last century The villa looks out over the water parterre, a ‘hall of horizontal mirrors’, which fills the oblong terrace thrusting out above vineyards

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of the adjacent villa; in this case, the design is most clearly seen from the pavilion on top of the cliff The avenue of cypresses is the main directional axis of the garden; the tall spires link the area below the cliff face with the heights above Source: Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988 Waist-high trim box hedging, making a pattern of enclosed beds set in gravel walkways, fills the horizontal sections of the garden which lie on either side of the cypress walk In 16th and 17th century Italian gardens, box would have been clipped to less than two feet in height and visitors would be able to ‘read’ a pattern from the rooms

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Pope’s Residence, Vatican City

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Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas

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Turin before fire of 1659 Turin rebuilt Source: Crisp Origins of Gardens and Urban Planning

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French Renaissance (1500-1600: The French Century) Accent on elegance, vistas, promenades, rushing waters and fountains LeNotre, master gardener of Louis XIV Gardens of Versailles, supreme achievements (1800 workman) Grand Canal

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French Gardens: Versailles The North Parterre The South Parterre

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Le Temple De L’ Amour Le Pavillon De Musique

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The Orangery The Ornamental Lake of Latone

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Le Notre’s Masterpiece, Vaux-le-Vicomte Source: Hyams p. 158

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The Chateau de Courances, in the forest of Fontainebleau south of Paris, looks out over a formal parterre and water canal into a broad ride cut through the woods Originally designed by Le Notre in the 17th century, the gardens at Courances were restored by Achille Duchene in the 1930s Source: Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988

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Notre Dame, Paris

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encourage dense leaf growth and a compact habit. Box has been used to edge and give definition to each elaborate shape In the distance, yew hedges are arranged in a grid system and provide a dark background to flowerbeds designed for maximum colour in August and September, the only two months in which the Chateau is occupied Source: Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988 At the Chateau du Pontrancart near Dieppe, four parterres are laid out on the lawn above the moat, Silvery-leaved lavender, thyme and santolinas, grown as flat carpets for colour and texture effect, are all clipped to

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Jardin d’ Anmevore Formal Gardens in Belgium

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Jardin d’ Anmevore.

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Border, L’villa Palais Congres, Brussels

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Schonbrunn Castle Vienna, Austria