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Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: The appearance of the sky to the unaided eye 肉眼所看到 天空的面貌 David Newquist 劉大衛Slide2: You stand on the earth, and look up at the sky. 你站在地上,往上看到天空。 It looks like a large sphere with you at the center. 看起來好像在一個很大的球的內面,它的中心點是你。 It has a horizon and a zenith. 有地平線,有天頂。 This defines the directions north, south, east, west, 這就定好了四個方向,北、南、西、東, and the meridian. 和子午線。 The axis is inclined. 轉軸傾斜。 The sky has a north pole, 天空有北極、 a south pole, 南極, and an equator. 和赤道。 The Sun, Moon, and stars look like they are all on the inside of the sphere of the sky. 太陽、月球、星星都看起來好像在天空的球的內面。 north pole北極 S 南 E 東 W 西 N 北 zenith 天頂 horizon 地平線 meridian子午線 equator 赤道 north latitude 北緯度 the sky 天空 They all turn together once a day. 它們都每天一齊轉一圈。 south pole 南極Slide3: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線Slide4: The Sun rises in the east 太陽從東方出來 equator 赤道 East 東 N 北 S 南Slide5: and sets in the west. 在西方下去。 equator 赤道 West 西 N 北 S 南Slide6: The stars also rise in the east 星球也從東方出來 equator 赤道 East 東Slide7: and set in the west. 在西方下去。 equator 赤道 West 西Slide8: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 S 南 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。Slide9: rise and set 4 min earlier, 出、落早四分鐘, so the stars turn slightly faster than the Sun, and turn 366.25 times in 365.25 days (that is the definition of a year). 所以星星轉比太陽稍微快一點, 在 365.25 天轉 366.25 圈 (那就是一年的定義)。 Notice the position of the stars at the same time each night. 每天晚上在同一個時間注意星星的位置。 The Sun is our standard for timekeeping. 太陽是我們計時間的基準。 The stars move 1 westward each day relative to the Sun, 以太陽為基準,星星都每天往西移動一度, Today 今天 Tomorrow 明天 The next day 又過一天 equator 赤道 W East 東Slide10: Relative to the Sun, the stars all move one complete turn westward once a year, 以太陽為基準,星星都每年往西方繞一圈, or we can say the Sun moves 1 eastward each day relative to the stars. 或可以說以星星為基準, 太陽每天往東移動一度。 The stars move 1 westward each day relative to the Sun, 以太陽為基準,星星每天往西移動一度, or we can say that relative to the stars, the Sun moves eastward around the sky once a year. 或可以說以星星為基準,太陽每年往東方繞天空一圈。 E W Slide11: The Sun rises in different directions at different times of the year. 太陽在不同日期在不同方向出來。 6 am March 21 3 月 April 21 4 月 May 21 5 月 June 22 6 月 July 22 7 月 August 22 8 月 September 22 9 月 October 22 10 月 November 22 11 月 December 22 12 月 January 22 1 月 February 22 2 月 N 北 S 南 equator 赤道 23.4° 23.4° 7 am 5 am East 東Slide12: S 南 W 西 N 北 The Sun’s path across the sky moves north and south through a year. 太陽繞天空的路徑每一年 在南北之間來回一次。 E 東 around July 22 約七月 22 日 around June 22 約六月 22 日 around August 22 約八月 22 日 around September 22 約九月 22 日 around October 22 約十月 22 日 around November 22 約十一月 22 日 around December 22 約十二月 22 日Slide13: ecliptic 黃道 is farthest north of the equator at the summer solstice, June 22, 在夏至點往北離赤道最遠, farthest south of the equator at the winter solstice, Dec. 22. 在冬至點往南離赤道最遠。 The stars look like they are all fixed on the inside of the sphere of the sky. 星星都看起來好像固定在天空的球的內面。 We call this sphere the “celestial sphere.” 這個球面我們叫做 ”天球”。 The Sun crosses the equator northward at the vernal equinox, March 21, 太陽往北方通過赤道的點稱為春分點, celestial sphere天球 equator 赤道 north pole 北極 summer solstice 夏至點 winter solstice 冬至點 vernal equinox 春分點 Earth地球 south pole 南極 autumnal equinox 秋分點 The Sun’s path around the celestial sphere is called the ecliptic, inclined 23.4 from the equator. 太陽繞天球的路徑叫作黃道,離赤道傾斜 23.4 度。 southward at the autumnal equinox, Sept. 22, 往南方通過赤道的點稱為秋分點, The ecliptic crosses the equator at two points, the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox. 黃道和赤道有 兩個交叉點, 春分點和秋分點。Slide14: The Moon moves around the sky 月球繞天球走完一圈 in about 27 1/3 dy, passes the Sun 超過太陽 every 29 1/2 dy. Earth地球 north pole 北極 to the Sun 往太陽 to the Sun 往太陽 Slide15: phases: 盈虧: new 新月 waxing crescent 眉月 first quarter 上弦月 waxing gibbous 盈凸月 full 滿月 waning gibbous 虧凸月 third quarter 下弦月 waning crescent 殘月 sunlight 陽光 new moon 朔 新月 full moon 滿月 望 first quarter 上弦月 下弦月 third quarter Earth 地球 waxing crescent眉 waxing gibbous盈凸 虧凸 waning gibbous 殘 waning crescent Slide16: sunlight 陽光 waxing crescent眉 When is the waxing crescent visible? 眉月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出 Slide17: The waxing crescent sets in the west after sunset. 眉月在日落後在西方下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西 Slide18: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線Slide19: sunlight 陽光 When is the first quarter moon visible? 上弦月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? first quarter 上弦月 noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出 Slide20: equator 赤道 The first quarter moon rises about noon, 上弦月約在中午出來了, East 東Slide21: is high in the south at sunset, and sets near midnight. 日落的時候在南方很高,約半夜下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西 The first quarter moon rises about noon, 上弦月約在中午出來了,Slide22: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線Slide23: sunlight 陽光 When is the full moon visible? 滿月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? full moon 滿月 望 noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出 Slide24: The full moon rises at sunset, 滿月在日落出來了, equator 赤道 East 東Slide25: The full moon rises at sunset, 滿月在日落出來了, is high in the south at midnight, 半夜的時候在南方很高 and sets at sunrise. 在日出下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西Slide26: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線 Slide27: sunlight 陽光 When is the third quarter moon visible? 下弦月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? third quarter 下弦月 noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出Slide28: The third quarter moon rises at midnight, 下弦月在半夜出來了, equator 赤道 East 東Slide29: is high in the south at sunrise, and sets at noon. 日出的時候在南方很高,在中午下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西 The third quarter moon rises at midnight, 下弦月在半夜出來了,Slide30: 殘 waning crescent sunlight 陽光 When is the waning crescent moon visible? 殘月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出Slide31: The waning crescent moon rises in the east before sunrise. 殘月在日出前在東方出來了。 equator 赤道 East 東Slide32: The Moon varies in apparent size about 10 each month, which means its distance from us varies. 每個月視覺大小會變 10 , 這表示它離我們的距離有變化。 Earth地球 The point in the sky where the Moon is closest moves eastward around the sky in 9 yr. 月球在天空最近的地方, 每 9 年往東邊繞天一圈。Slide33: Ecliptic 黃道 The Moon’s path is inclined 5 from the ecliptic; 路線離黃道傾斜 5 度; the crossing points move westward around the sky in 18.6 yr. 與黃道的交叉點,每 18.6 年往西邊繞一圈。 Equator 赤道 moon’s path 月球的路線 Sept 2006Slide34: Earth 地球 The same face is always toward the Earth, but it wobbles 16 E-W, 13 N-S. 總是同一面對著地球, 但朝東西向搖動 16 度、朝南北向 13 度。 Slide35: A total or partial lunar eclipse occurs if the full moon is less than 1/2 from the ecliptic. 當滿月離黃道 1/2 度以內, 就會有月全蝕或月偏蝕。 ecliptic 黃道 1/2 Earth’s shadow 地球的陰影 no eclipse 沒有月蝕 partial eclipse 月偏蝕 total eclipse 月全蝕Slide36: A total or annular solar eclipse occurs if the new moon is exactly on the ecliptic. 當新月正在黃道上,就會有日全蝕或日環蝕。 ecliptic 黃道 ½ no eclipse 沒有日蝕 partial eclipse 日偏蝕 total eclipse 日全蝕 annular eclipse 日環蝕 A partial solar eclipse occurs if the center of the new moon is less than 1/2 from the ecliptic. 當新月中心離黃道 1/2 度以內,就會有日偏蝕。 the Sun 太陽Slide37: 18° 28° Five bright planets move among the stars near the ecliptic. 五顆明亮的行星在黃道附近的恆星當中移動。 Mercury 水星 moves back and forth from east to west of the Sun. 從太陽的東邊西邊來回。 The greatest angle 最大角 is from 18 to 28, period 週期 is 115 dy. Venus 金星 is also always near the Sun, 也是一直在太陽附近, greatest angle 48, period 584 dy, moves eastward slowly, then westward in 142 dy, 慢慢往東方移動,然後往西方 142 天, is brightest near the ends of the westward movement. 在往西方時,靠近兩個端點的地方最亮。 ecliptic 黃道 48° E WSlide38: When Mercury and Venus are east of the Sun, they set in the west after sunset. 當水星金星在太陽的東邊,在日落後在西方下去。 In the Northern Hemisphere they can be seen best in the spring, when the Sun is near the Vernal Equinox. 在春天,當太陽在春分點附近, 北半球的人看得最清楚。 equator 赤道 West 西 ecliptic 黃道 March 3 月 ecliptic 黃道 December 12 月 September 9 月 June 6 月 ESlide39: equator 赤道 When Mercury and Venus are west of the Sun, they rise in the east before sunrise. 當水星金星在太陽的西邊,在日出前在東方出來。 In the Northern Hemisphere they can be seen best in the fall, when the Sun is near the Autumnal Equinox. 在秋天,當太陽在秋分點附近, 北半球的人看得最清楚。 ecliptic 黃道 March 3 月 ecliptic 黃道 December 12 月 September 9 月 June 6 月 East 東 WSlide40: Mars 火星 moves eastward around the sky in about 2 yr. 大約兩年往東方繞天球一圈。 When the Sun approaches the point opposite from Mars, 當太陽靠近火星的相對點, Mars moves westward about 20 for 6 - 10 wk, 火星就開始往西邊移動約 20 度,需時 6 到 10 星期, is brightest at the center of westward motion, when the Sun is opposite from Mars. 在太陽與火星相對時, 火星往西方移動的那段中心點,也是最亮的。 20° ecliptic 黃道 E W Slide41: Jupiter 木星 moves eastward around the sky in 12 yr. 十二年往東方繞天球一圈。 When the Sun approaches the point opposite from it, 當太陽靠近木星的相對點, Jupiter moves westward about 10 for 16 wk, 就開始往西邊移動約 10 度,需時 16 星期, is slightly brighter at the center of westward motion, when the Sun is opposite from it. 當太陽與木星相對時, 在木星往西方移動的那段中心點, 木星也變成亮一點。 10° ecliptic 黃道 E W 33° 13 mo 月 Slide42: Saturn 土星 moves eastward around the sky in 29 1/2 yr. 二十九年半往東方繞天球一圈。 When the Sun approaches the point opposite from it, 當太陽靠近土星的相對點, it moves westward about 7 for 20 wk, 就開始往西邊移動約 7 度,需時 20 星期, gets brighter, fainter twice each time around the sky. 每次繞天走一圈,變亮變弱兩次。 7° ecliptic 黃道 E W 13° 1 yr 2 wk 1 年 2 星期 Slide43: Meteors average 4 to 6 per hour in a dark sky, 平均在相當黑的天空一小時有 4 到 6 個, with random position and direction, various speeds, 位置及方向隨機,速度不同, are more and faster after midnight. 半夜後比較多也比較快。 A meteor is a sudden so-called “falling star,” of course not really a star, travels up to several 10, several sec. 流星是所謂的「突然掉下的星」, 當然不是真的一顆星掉下的, 最多移動幾十度,費時最多僅需幾秒鐘。 Slide44: Several meteor showers occur at the same time every year; 有幾個流星雨每年在固定時間出現, each shower has its time and radiant point. 每一個流星雨有它的日期和輻點。 Slide45: A comet is a bright spot 彗星是一個光點, with a tail pointing away from the Sun. 有和太陽反方向的尾巴。 It moves slowly, 走得慢, changes in brightness and shape, 亮度和形狀一直改變, is visible for weeks or months. 能見度可維持幾個星期到幾個月。 About half are predicted returns of comets previously seen in the past 200 to 300 yr; 有一半左右是這兩三百年來 已經看過一次而加以預測的, half are new discoveries with a period greater than 300 yr. 另一半是新發現的,週期 300 年以上。 Slide46: A variable star changes in brightness, 變星的亮度會改變, each one differently: 每一顆不一樣: each one has a different range, period, pattern, 每一顆有不同的範圍、週期、曲線, some regular, some irregular. 有規則的和不規則的。 Slide47: A nova, or supernova is a new star 新星、超新星是 that appears in a few hours, 在幾個小時內出現的新星星, fades in a few days (nova) 幾天(新星) or months (supernova). 或幾個月(超新星) 後消失。 Slide48: The average is two or three bright novae in a century, 平均一個世紀有兩三顆很亮的新星, (the last one was in 1975), one bright supernova in several centuries 幾個世紀有一顆很亮的超新星。 (none from 1604 to 1987).Slide49: The Milky Way, clusters, etc. 銀河、星團等 The Milky Way is a hazy band of light around the sky, 銀河是一條繞著天空的朦朧的光, brightest near Sagittarius and Scorpius. 在人馬和天蠍座附近最亮。Slide50: There are a few other 還有另外幾個 small fuzzy spots and groups of stars: 朦朧的小光點及星星的集團: clusters, nebulae, galaxies, 星團、星雲、星系, esp. the Pleiades and M31. 譬如昂宿星團、M31。Slide51: Constellations have no scientific meaning, 星座沒有科學的意義, are defined only for convenience, 只是為了方便來定的, different in every culture. 各種文化的星座都不一樣。 The “standard” constellations are from ancient Greece and Rome. 所謂「標準」星座是 從古希臘羅馬來的。 Slide52: Most constellations do not look like what they are named for, 星座大部份不像它們的名字, so don’t try to see a picture. 所以不用試著去想像它的畫面。 Start with finding the brightest stars. 先找到幾個最亮的星星。 This may be easier if the sky is not too dark. 在天空不是很暗時,會比較容易找。 When you have found one constellation, find the ones near it. 找到了一個星座,就找它附近的。Slide53: The magnitude scale: 星等的定義: brightest stars are first magnitude, 最亮的星是第一等, faintest visible stars are sixth magnitude. 最弱看得見的是第六等。 You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: The appearance of the sky to the unaided eye 肉眼所看到 天空的面貌 David Newquist 劉大衛Slide2: You stand on the earth, and look up at the sky. 你站在地上,往上看到天空。 It looks like a large sphere with you at the center. 看起來好像在一個很大的球的內面,它的中心點是你。 It has a horizon and a zenith. 有地平線,有天頂。 This defines the directions north, south, east, west, 這就定好了四個方向,北、南、西、東, and the meridian. 和子午線。 The axis is inclined. 轉軸傾斜。 The sky has a north pole, 天空有北極、 a south pole, 南極, and an equator. 和赤道。 The Sun, Moon, and stars look like they are all on the inside of the sphere of the sky. 太陽、月球、星星都看起來好像在天空的球的內面。 north pole北極 S 南 E 東 W 西 N 北 zenith 天頂 horizon 地平線 meridian子午線 equator 赤道 north latitude 北緯度 the sky 天空 They all turn together once a day. 它們都每天一齊轉一圈。 south pole 南極Slide3: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線Slide4: The Sun rises in the east 太陽從東方出來 equator 赤道 East 東 N 北 S 南Slide5: and sets in the west. 在西方下去。 equator 赤道 West 西 N 北 S 南Slide6: The stars also rise in the east 星球也從東方出來 equator 赤道 East 東Slide7: and set in the west. 在西方下去。 equator 赤道 West 西Slide8: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 S 南 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。Slide9: rise and set 4 min earlier, 出、落早四分鐘, so the stars turn slightly faster than the Sun, and turn 366.25 times in 365.25 days (that is the definition of a year). 所以星星轉比太陽稍微快一點, 在 365.25 天轉 366.25 圈 (那就是一年的定義)。 Notice the position of the stars at the same time each night. 每天晚上在同一個時間注意星星的位置。 The Sun is our standard for timekeeping. 太陽是我們計時間的基準。 The stars move 1 westward each day relative to the Sun, 以太陽為基準,星星都每天往西移動一度, Today 今天 Tomorrow 明天 The next day 又過一天 equator 赤道 W East 東Slide10: Relative to the Sun, the stars all move one complete turn westward once a year, 以太陽為基準,星星都每年往西方繞一圈, or we can say the Sun moves 1 eastward each day relative to the stars. 或可以說以星星為基準, 太陽每天往東移動一度。 The stars move 1 westward each day relative to the Sun, 以太陽為基準,星星每天往西移動一度, or we can say that relative to the stars, the Sun moves eastward around the sky once a year. 或可以說以星星為基準,太陽每年往東方繞天空一圈。 E W Slide11: The Sun rises in different directions at different times of the year. 太陽在不同日期在不同方向出來。 6 am March 21 3 月 April 21 4 月 May 21 5 月 June 22 6 月 July 22 7 月 August 22 8 月 September 22 9 月 October 22 10 月 November 22 11 月 December 22 12 月 January 22 1 月 February 22 2 月 N 北 S 南 equator 赤道 23.4° 23.4° 7 am 5 am East 東Slide12: S 南 W 西 N 北 The Sun’s path across the sky moves north and south through a year. 太陽繞天空的路徑每一年 在南北之間來回一次。 E 東 around July 22 約七月 22 日 around June 22 約六月 22 日 around August 22 約八月 22 日 around September 22 約九月 22 日 around October 22 約十月 22 日 around November 22 約十一月 22 日 around December 22 約十二月 22 日Slide13: ecliptic 黃道 is farthest north of the equator at the summer solstice, June 22, 在夏至點往北離赤道最遠, farthest south of the equator at the winter solstice, Dec. 22. 在冬至點往南離赤道最遠。 The stars look like they are all fixed on the inside of the sphere of the sky. 星星都看起來好像固定在天空的球的內面。 We call this sphere the “celestial sphere.” 這個球面我們叫做 ”天球”。 The Sun crosses the equator northward at the vernal equinox, March 21, 太陽往北方通過赤道的點稱為春分點, celestial sphere天球 equator 赤道 north pole 北極 summer solstice 夏至點 winter solstice 冬至點 vernal equinox 春分點 Earth地球 south pole 南極 autumnal equinox 秋分點 The Sun’s path around the celestial sphere is called the ecliptic, inclined 23.4 from the equator. 太陽繞天球的路徑叫作黃道,離赤道傾斜 23.4 度。 southward at the autumnal equinox, Sept. 22, 往南方通過赤道的點稱為秋分點, The ecliptic crosses the equator at two points, the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox. 黃道和赤道有 兩個交叉點, 春分點和秋分點。Slide14: The Moon moves around the sky 月球繞天球走完一圈 in about 27 1/3 dy, passes the Sun 超過太陽 every 29 1/2 dy. Earth地球 north pole 北極 to the Sun 往太陽 to the Sun 往太陽 Slide15: phases: 盈虧: new 新月 waxing crescent 眉月 first quarter 上弦月 waxing gibbous 盈凸月 full 滿月 waning gibbous 虧凸月 third quarter 下弦月 waning crescent 殘月 sunlight 陽光 new moon 朔 新月 full moon 滿月 望 first quarter 上弦月 下弦月 third quarter Earth 地球 waxing crescent眉 waxing gibbous盈凸 虧凸 waning gibbous 殘 waning crescent Slide16: sunlight 陽光 waxing crescent眉 When is the waxing crescent visible? 眉月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出 Slide17: The waxing crescent sets in the west after sunset. 眉月在日落後在西方下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西 Slide18: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線Slide19: sunlight 陽光 When is the first quarter moon visible? 上弦月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? first quarter 上弦月 noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出 Slide20: equator 赤道 The first quarter moon rises about noon, 上弦月約在中午出來了, East 東Slide21: is high in the south at sunset, and sets near midnight. 日落的時候在南方很高,約半夜下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西 The first quarter moon rises about noon, 上弦月約在中午出來了,Slide22: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線Slide23: sunlight 陽光 When is the full moon visible? 滿月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? full moon 滿月 望 noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出 Slide24: The full moon rises at sunset, 滿月在日落出來了, equator 赤道 East 東Slide25: The full moon rises at sunset, 滿月在日落出來了, is high in the south at midnight, 半夜的時候在南方很高 and sets at sunrise. 在日出下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西Slide26: N 北 30 60 E 東 W 西 horizon 地平線 zenith 天頂 S 南 equator 赤道 NP 北極 x Looking up at the sky, we see this. 往上看天空,我們看到的是這樣。 meridian 子午線 Slide27: sunlight 陽光 When is the third quarter moon visible? 下弦月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? third quarter 下弦月 noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出Slide28: The third quarter moon rises at midnight, 下弦月在半夜出來了, equator 赤道 East 東Slide29: is high in the south at sunrise, and sets at noon. 日出的時候在南方很高,在中午下去了。 equator 赤道 West 西 The third quarter moon rises at midnight, 下弦月在半夜出來了,Slide30: 殘 waning crescent sunlight 陽光 When is the waning crescent moon visible? 殘月甚麼時候可以看到? Where in the sky? 在天空甚麼地方? noon 中午 sunset 日落 midnight 半夜 sunrise 日出Slide31: The waning crescent moon rises in the east before sunrise. 殘月在日出前在東方出來了。 equator 赤道 East 東Slide32: The Moon varies in apparent size about 10 each month, which means its distance from us varies. 每個月視覺大小會變 10 , 這表示它離我們的距離有變化。 Earth地球 The point in the sky where the Moon is closest moves eastward around the sky in 9 yr. 月球在天空最近的地方, 每 9 年往東邊繞天一圈。Slide33: Ecliptic 黃道 The Moon’s path is inclined 5 from the ecliptic; 路線離黃道傾斜 5 度; the crossing points move westward around the sky in 18.6 yr. 與黃道的交叉點,每 18.6 年往西邊繞一圈。 Equator 赤道 moon’s path 月球的路線 Sept 2006Slide34: Earth 地球 The same face is always toward the Earth, but it wobbles 16 E-W, 13 N-S. 總是同一面對著地球, 但朝東西向搖動 16 度、朝南北向 13 度。 Slide35: A total or partial lunar eclipse occurs if the full moon is less than 1/2 from the ecliptic. 當滿月離黃道 1/2 度以內, 就會有月全蝕或月偏蝕。 ecliptic 黃道 1/2 Earth’s shadow 地球的陰影 no eclipse 沒有月蝕 partial eclipse 月偏蝕 total eclipse 月全蝕Slide36: A total or annular solar eclipse occurs if the new moon is exactly on the ecliptic. 當新月正在黃道上,就會有日全蝕或日環蝕。 ecliptic 黃道 ½ no eclipse 沒有日蝕 partial eclipse 日偏蝕 total eclipse 日全蝕 annular eclipse 日環蝕 A partial solar eclipse occurs if the center of the new moon is less than 1/2 from the ecliptic. 當新月中心離黃道 1/2 度以內,就會有日偏蝕。 the Sun 太陽Slide37: 18° 28° Five bright planets move among the stars near the ecliptic. 五顆明亮的行星在黃道附近的恆星當中移動。 Mercury 水星 moves back and forth from east to west of the Sun. 從太陽的東邊西邊來回。 The greatest angle 最大角 is from 18 to 28, period 週期 is 115 dy. Venus 金星 is also always near the Sun, 也是一直在太陽附近, greatest angle 48, period 584 dy, moves eastward slowly, then westward in 142 dy, 慢慢往東方移動,然後往西方 142 天, is brightest near the ends of the westward movement. 在往西方時,靠近兩個端點的地方最亮。 ecliptic 黃道 48° E WSlide38: When Mercury and Venus are east of the Sun, they set in the west after sunset. 當水星金星在太陽的東邊,在日落後在西方下去。 In the Northern Hemisphere they can be seen best in the spring, when the Sun is near the Vernal Equinox. 在春天,當太陽在春分點附近, 北半球的人看得最清楚。 equator 赤道 West 西 ecliptic 黃道 March 3 月 ecliptic 黃道 December 12 月 September 9 月 June 6 月 ESlide39: equator 赤道 When Mercury and Venus are west of the Sun, they rise in the east before sunrise. 當水星金星在太陽的西邊,在日出前在東方出來。 In the Northern Hemisphere they can be seen best in the fall, when the Sun is near the Autumnal Equinox. 在秋天,當太陽在秋分點附近, 北半球的人看得最清楚。 ecliptic 黃道 March 3 月 ecliptic 黃道 December 12 月 September 9 月 June 6 月 East 東 WSlide40: Mars 火星 moves eastward around the sky in about 2 yr. 大約兩年往東方繞天球一圈。 When the Sun approaches the point opposite from Mars, 當太陽靠近火星的相對點, Mars moves westward about 20 for 6 - 10 wk, 火星就開始往西邊移動約 20 度,需時 6 到 10 星期, is brightest at the center of westward motion, when the Sun is opposite from Mars. 在太陽與火星相對時, 火星往西方移動的那段中心點,也是最亮的。 20° ecliptic 黃道 E W Slide41: Jupiter 木星 moves eastward around the sky in 12 yr. 十二年往東方繞天球一圈。 When the Sun approaches the point opposite from it, 當太陽靠近木星的相對點, Jupiter moves westward about 10 for 16 wk, 就開始往西邊移動約 10 度,需時 16 星期, is slightly brighter at the center of westward motion, when the Sun is opposite from it. 當太陽與木星相對時, 在木星往西方移動的那段中心點, 木星也變成亮一點。 10° ecliptic 黃道 E W 33° 13 mo 月 Slide42: Saturn 土星 moves eastward around the sky in 29 1/2 yr. 二十九年半往東方繞天球一圈。 When the Sun approaches the point opposite from it, 當太陽靠近土星的相對點, it moves westward about 7 for 20 wk, 就開始往西邊移動約 7 度,需時 20 星期, gets brighter, fainter twice each time around the sky. 每次繞天走一圈,變亮變弱兩次。 7° ecliptic 黃道 E W 13° 1 yr 2 wk 1 年 2 星期 Slide43: Meteors average 4 to 6 per hour in a dark sky, 平均在相當黑的天空一小時有 4 到 6 個, with random position and direction, various speeds, 位置及方向隨機,速度不同, are more and faster after midnight. 半夜後比較多也比較快。 A meteor is a sudden so-called “falling star,” of course not really a star, travels up to several 10, several sec. 流星是所謂的「突然掉下的星」, 當然不是真的一顆星掉下的, 最多移動幾十度,費時最多僅需幾秒鐘。 Slide44: Several meteor showers occur at the same time every year; 有幾個流星雨每年在固定時間出現, each shower has its time and radiant point. 每一個流星雨有它的日期和輻點。 Slide45: A comet is a bright spot 彗星是一個光點, with a tail pointing away from the Sun. 有和太陽反方向的尾巴。 It moves slowly, 走得慢, changes in brightness and shape, 亮度和形狀一直改變, is visible for weeks or months. 能見度可維持幾個星期到幾個月。 About half are predicted returns of comets previously seen in the past 200 to 300 yr; 有一半左右是這兩三百年來 已經看過一次而加以預測的, half are new discoveries with a period greater than 300 yr. 另一半是新發現的,週期 300 年以上。 Slide46: A variable star changes in brightness, 變星的亮度會改變, each one differently: 每一顆不一樣: each one has a different range, period, pattern, 每一顆有不同的範圍、週期、曲線, some regular, some irregular. 有規則的和不規則的。 Slide47: A nova, or supernova is a new star 新星、超新星是 that appears in a few hours, 在幾個小時內出現的新星星, fades in a few days (nova) 幾天(新星) or months (supernova). 或幾個月(超新星) 後消失。 Slide48: The average is two or three bright novae in a century, 平均一個世紀有兩三顆很亮的新星, (the last one was in 1975), one bright supernova in several centuries 幾個世紀有一顆很亮的超新星。 (none from 1604 to 1987).Slide49: The Milky Way, clusters, etc. 銀河、星團等 The Milky Way is a hazy band of light around the sky, 銀河是一條繞著天空的朦朧的光, brightest near Sagittarius and Scorpius. 在人馬和天蠍座附近最亮。Slide50: There are a few other 還有另外幾個 small fuzzy spots and groups of stars: 朦朧的小光點及星星的集團: clusters, nebulae, galaxies, 星團、星雲、星系, esp. the Pleiades and M31. 譬如昂宿星團、M31。Slide51: Constellations have no scientific meaning, 星座沒有科學的意義, are defined only for convenience, 只是為了方便來定的, different in every culture. 各種文化的星座都不一樣。 The “standard” constellations are from ancient Greece and Rome. 所謂「標準」星座是 從古希臘羅馬來的。 Slide52: Most constellations do not look like what they are named for, 星座大部份不像它們的名字, so don’t try to see a picture. 所以不用試著去想像它的畫面。 Start with finding the brightest stars. 先找到幾個最亮的星星。 This may be easier if the sky is not too dark. 在天空不是很暗時,會比較容易找。 When you have found one constellation, find the ones near it. 找到了一個星座,就找它附近的。Slide53: The magnitude scale: 星等的定義: brightest stars are first magnitude, 最亮的星是第一等, faintest visible stars are sixth magnitude. 最弱看得見的是第六等。