Sess5 1 Zaini Ujang

Balancing Consumers’ Concerns with Producers’ Capacity:Water Sustainability and Recent Innovations: 

Balancing Consumers’ Concerns with Producers’ Capacity: Water Sustainability and Recent Innovations Prof. Ir. Dr. Zaini Ujang zaini@utm.my  http://www.fkkksa.utm.my/staff/zaini Vice President (2004-2006) & Chairman, Specialist Group on Developing Countries INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Questions?: 

Questions? What are recent challenges? Can you explain the basic principles? Paradigm shift? What will people pay? Willing to pay? Triple bottom-line? Innovation for what?

Lesson from my life!: 

Lesson from my life!

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Millennium Development Goals for Water & Sanitation Adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)  By 2015 to reduce by half the proportion of people who are unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water.  By 2015 to reduce by half the proportion of people who do not have access to safe sanitation facilities. CHALLANGES

Slide5: 

Target water pollutants, chronologically… Ujang Z. & Henze M. (2006) Municipal Wastewater Management in Developing Countries, IWA Publishing, London

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Potential water resources Water Survival Strategy  If you need more water, import or make it yourself  Use less water – conservation, tariff, efficient, technology  Less consumption and demand  Steal water from others! Water technology Marq de Villers (2000) Water: The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource, Mariner Book, NY

Back to basics: 

Back to basics We need water Domestic / household Industrial Agricultural We produce wastewater Public health? Environmental protection? Wealth creation? Domestic economy? We need money to pay for the services Full subsidy Partial subsidy Full recovery

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 Monitoring: From on-site to on-line; From in-situ to remote sensing  Purification: From sieving to bio-transformation; From big to small plants  Treatment: From pollution reduction to pollution prevention  Pollution control: From end-of-pipe to cleaner production  Raw water intake: From clean upstream to polluted downstream  Resource management: From free to precious commodity  Public perception: From quantity to quality  Management approach: From sectoral to integrated  River: From natural to concrete; From concrete back to natural channels  Water delivery: From long pipes to bottled water  Sewer network: From long, centralized to decentralized and small system  Sludge management: From disposal to high value reuse; Co-disposal with gabbage  Automation and control: On-line metering and billing  Service: From public utilities to private companies & consumer products Paradigm shift in water management & technologies

Baltimore Charter 2007Sustainable small & decentralized system: 

Baltimore Charter 2007 Sustainable small & decentralized system Organized by Water Environment Research Foundation Supported by US EPA 50 participants (35 USA, 15 others) Subject matters Representative of sectors Representative of continents, grouping etc To outline research agenda to meet the needs in 2025 To review the existing philosophy, framework, concepts, approaches and engineering practice Propose a framework for WATER SUSTAINABILITY

Baltimore Charter 2007Sustainable small and decentralized system: 

Baltimore Charter 2007 Sustainable small and decentralized system G. Tchobanoglous, UC Davis

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Example:  Pollution control: From end-of-pipe to cleaner production Water technologies End-of-pipe approach Production process Waste energy/ materials Pollution capture Product consumption Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Waste

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Example:  Pollution control: From end-of-pipe to cleaner production Water technologies Cleaner Production

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 Sewer network: From long, centralized to decentralized system Water resources: Stream, groundwater etc Water treatment plant Water users, industries Sludge treatment, reuse Effluent discharge, reuse Distribution system Sewer Centralized wastewater treatment plant Centralized urban sanitation (CUS)

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Decentralized sanitation and reuse (DESAR) Distribution system Water users, industries Centralized wastewater treatment plant Sludge treatment, reuse Effluent discharge, reuse Water treatment plant -Bottled water -Rainwater Reuse of sludge, Treated wastewater Individual on-site WW & SW treatment e.g. sewer bioreactor  Sewer network: From long, centralized to decentralized system Water resources: Dam, stream, groundwater etc

Why an ideal system does not work in most developing countries?: 

Why an ideal system does not work in most developing countries? The regulatory requirement is too good and perfect (e.g. BOD 10 mg/l for discharge standards) The system has no local inputs (e.g. trained engineers and research facilities) The system has no capable implementers (e.g. able politicians, trained engineers and skilful operators) The system has no legal back up (e.g. acts, legislation) The system has a poor financial framework (CAPEX, OPEX) The system is efficiently corrupted (political influence, etc.)

Expenditure in the Eighth Malaysian PlanAllocation in the Ninth Malaysia Plan: 

Expenditure in the Eighth Malaysian Plan Allocation in the Ninth Malaysia Plan

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What will people pay? My monthly water charges and other bills

Why I am willing to pay, generously, for the cell phones?: 

Why I am willing to pay, generously, for the cell phones? Service I need Improve my communication, in real time My children call me, 4 to 5 times a day! BASIC NEED, NOT LUXURY ITEMS! Note: I change my cell phone every year with the latest model, slimmer but more applications

Consumers’ perspective: 

Consumers’ perspective LEVEL 1 Basic services Reasonable cost Public health protection LEVEL 2 Quality services Competitive cost Environmental protection

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Consumers in 1970  Do we really need tab water?  Do we require a wastewater treatment plant?  Do we need landfill for solid and hazardous waste disposal?  Do you prefer water from well, or river? Consumers in 2007  Do we really need bottled water?  How best we can achieve nutrient removal in wastewater treatment plant?  How best we can operate sanitary landfill for solid and hazardous waste disposal?  Do you prefer mineral or reverse osmosis water?

Producers’ / service providers’ perspective: 

Producers’ / service providers’ perspective LEVEL 1 Quality services Competitive or reasonable cost Reliable services Customer-driven LEVEL 2 Expending market segment Share holders’ expectation Innovation Reputation

Triple bottom lineProducers’ or service providers’ perspective: 

Triple bottom line Producers’ or service providers’ perspective Producers / service providers Consumers Consumer basic needs Full cost recovery plus environmental tax Fixed-water tariff structure Full cost recovery

Triple bottom line principle: 

Triple bottom line principle Financial costing Social costing Environmental costing

Issues lead to innovations: 

Issues lead to innovations Operating and maintenance cost Upgrading old modular plants Upgrading without subsidy? Options for upgrading schemes Higher compliance, higher quality IT IS MOSTLY INNOVATION IN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, AND PARTLY TECHNOLOGY

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Management Issues Cost for small and decentralized systems Total capital cost / PE Design Population / PE / Flowrate

Cost of high techNEWater project in Singapore: 

Cost of high tech NEWater project in Singapore

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Upgrading modular plants to centralized and combined plants  Main sewer line  Connecting decentralized WWTP  WWTP site???? Existing MWWTP Centralized WWTP Existing IWWTP

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New innovation using granular sludge Aerobic Granular Sludge Reactor

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Straightforward (no return sludge, less sludge handling) Small area requirement Simultaneous N,P and COD removal in one reactor High-speed unit process More efficient treatment system Why aerobic granular sludge reactor? Nitrification (NH4 + O2  NOx ) C, N and P removal (as well as settling and thus biomass effluent separation) in one reactor

Latest innovation: 

Latest innovation

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Thank You! Terima kasih