Smith

Dissemination of Biotechnologyinto Agriculture: 

Dissemination of Biotechnology into Agriculture Presentation to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva, Switzerland October 24, 2003 Stephen Smith Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition

Dissemination of Biotechnology into Agriculture: Outline: 

Dissemination of Biotechnology into Agriculture: Outline Introduction Global use of transgenics on farms Looking ahead Crops, countries, traits Intellectual property protection Conclusions

Introduction: 

Introduction Agriculture: the original biotechnology, fundamental to culture, health, quality of environment, biodiversity Seed: a superb vehicle for disseminating innovation and benefits Effective IP: critical to investments and promotes genetic diversity Biotechnology: far more than transgenes, critical to develop improved germplasm

Slide6: 

Global Use of Transgenics on Farm: Area by Country 2002 (Source: ISAAA brief no. 27, Ithaca, NY)

Slide7: 

Global Use of Biotechnology: By Small and Large-scale Farmers 75% of GM crops cultivated in developed countries, mostly US, Canada Significant use in Argentina, Brazil, China, 6,000,000 farmers grew GM in 2002 >75% of farmers were resource poor, small-scale cotton farmers, China, S. Africa ( James, C 2002 ISAAA brief no. 27 , Ithaca, NY )

Global Use of Transgenics on Farms: % use by Crop 2002: 

Global Use of Transgenics on Farms: % use by Crop 2002 (Source: ISAAA brief no. 27, Ithaca, NY)

Maize Transgenics2003 Farm-UseThe Context Network West Des Moines, IA: 

Maize Transgenics 2003 Farm-Use The Context Network West Des Moines, IA

Soybean Transgenics2003 Farm-Use The Context Network West Des Moines, IA: 

Soybean Transgenics 2003 Farm-Use The Context Network West Des Moines, IA

Global Bt CottonThe Context Network West Des Moines IA: 

Global Bt Cotton The Context Network West Des Moines IA US 36% cotton crop is Bt Bt cotton ranks 2nd to RR soy by global adoption  Close to 5 m. acres outside US China plants 90% of the total Bollgard (40%?) China’s own CASS Bt trait (60%/) Bollgard planted in 8 countries India, 2002 launch Excellent prospects, hybrid cotton South Africa, Mexico, Argentina and the Philippines are minor users Australia launched in 1996/7 Different Lep. species, less effective

Global RR CottonThe Context Network West Des Moines, IA: 

Global RR Cotton The Context Network West Des Moines, IA US 54% of crop is RR In Mexico, RR cotton has been planted on a small acreage from 1997 on Mexico is a very minor cotton producer In South Africa, RR cotton was launched in the 1998-9 season.  The country has around 150,000 acres, but by 2001/2 RR/Bollgard stacked cotton had been adopted on 28% of that total. In Australia, RR cotton was commercialized in the 2001/2 season In Argentina, RR cotton was also approved ahead of the 2001/2 planting season.  Farm Labor Cost Issue Herbicide-tolerance traits for China, & India, Uzbekistan?

Slide13: 

Looking Ahead Climates change Cultivation/husbandry practices change Pests and diseases evolve Need more effective use of soil and water Need to increase productivity, including in harsh environments Un-ending need for better adapted varieties Improved germplasm and traits are needed

Slide14: 

Looking Ahead Potential to capitalize on scientific discovery Adds complexities and costs to Research and Product Development IP is a prerequisite to support trait and germplasm development Encourage use of new genetic diversity rather than repeated narrowing use of old base Compulsory licenses ( e.g. breeder exemption ) undermine research investments, narrow genetic base

Future: Lepidopteran Pests: 

Future: Lepidopteran Pests ECB France, Italy Romania 1.5 M ac. S Africa 6.5 M acres Southwestern CB NE Mexico Southern USA Fall Armyworm Mexico Argentina 4.9M ac. Brazil 19 M acres Corn Earworm Cotton Bollworm N and S America

Future: Coleopteran Pests: 

Future: Coleopteran Pests Rootworm insecticides on 14.5 M ac. USA MON 863 USDA approved Dow/PHI 149B1-2005 Brazil-insecticide use on 12M ac. Western rootworm in Serbia 1990s Very rapid dispersal 1 M ac. 1997 By 2001 spread to Hungary, Ukranian border,Romania, Italy, France

The Challenge: 

The Challenge Population: 2000 – 6 billion 2050 – 9 billion 98% of projected growth will be in the developing countries Malnutrition / Poverty 840 million people suffer from chronic malnutrition 1.3 billion afflicted by poverty Cultivable Land per capita 0.45 ha. In 1966 0.25 ha. In 1998 0.15 ha. In 2050 World grain yields grew at 2.1% in 1980s, but at less than 1.0% per annum in 1990s World consumption of meat tripled in last 40 years Must double food production sustainably on same land area. Data from World Resources Institute

Slide18: 

Biotechnology Potential for Developing Countries: Crops Banana Beans Cassava Cocoa Coffee Cotton Cucurbits Groundnut Maize Millet Papaya Potato Rice Sorghum Sweet Pepper Sweet Potato Tomato Wheat

Slide19: 

Biotechnology Potential for Developing Countries: Traits Acid soil tolerance Apomixis Disease diagnosis kits Drought resistance Edible vaccines Fungal resistance Genetic maps Genomics High lysine Insect resistance Low soil nutrients Marker assisted selection Nematode resistance Starch quality Striga resistance Tissue culture Transformation technology Virus resistance Weed control

Slide20: 

Biotechnology for Developing Countries: Organizations CGIAR: (e.g.) CIAT, CIP, CIMMYT, ICRISAT, IPGRI, IRRI Foundations: African Agricultural Technology Foundation, Rockefeller, Danforth Institute, others Governments: USAID NARS: EMBRAPA, Brazil, USDA, numerous others in many countries NGOs: Harvest Biotech Foundation International, Kenya, others Private sector: Dow, Garst, Monsanto, Mycogen, Pioneer, Syngenta, others Public sector: many universities in numerous countries

Slide21: 

Intellectual Property Protection New abilities to characterize, isolate and modify genes/germplasm provide improved opportunities to develop better varieties Unprecedented opportunities from research Application of biotechnology to develop improved varieties requires added investments to develop germplasm and traits IPP is an absolute prerequisite to encourage private sector investments

Slide22: 

Intellectual Property Protection: Key Role for Private Sector N. America – private sector investments in plant breeding increased from $50m ( 1960 ) to $500m ( 1997 ) Public sector investments in field crops level from late 70’s; declined since mid 90’s ( $600m ) Globally: Private sector $3.4 billion food and agriculture research annually; much more than public sector

Intellectual Property Protection: 

Intellectual Property Protection Public sector does not have all the financial, germplasm or technical resources needed to move basic research into products on farms No single private sector player has all the technology or germplasm needed to meet farmer needs Public sector can reach areas not currently commercially viable for private sector Key roles for public and private sectors

Slide24: 

Intellectual Property Protection: Bt Maize: an Example Gene ownership Cry1F PAT marker gene Enabling technologies Microprojectile bombardment Herbicide selection Backcrossing Production of fertile transgenic Enhanced expression Chimeric genes using viral promoters Enhanced expression Enhanced transcription efficiency Selective Gene expression Elite maize inbreds and hybrids

Slide25: 

From Research to the Farmer’s Field: IPP Issues Bt Maize Recent agreements among major players allow forward movement in plant biotechnology Licenses Dow licenses RR YG Monsanto licenses Herculex 1 Pioneer licenses RR for corn, soybean, canola Pioneer germplasm issues with Monsanto resolved Innovation and licenses allow most effective use of technologies to create improved products Payment for technology/germplasm research is ultimately dependent on farmer purchases of seed

Intellectual Property Protection-Germplasm Development: 

Intellectual Property Protection-Germplasm Development Breeders should have option of same level of IP as any other field of invention Development of germplasm and traits; key Patents should be available as an alternative Compulsory licenses or breeder exemption undermine research investments New technologies facilitate germplasm access; need to recalibrate IP-access balance; Revise UPOV breeder exemption Need incentives to develop new germplasm versus repeated use of widely used varieties

Slide27: 

Conclusions and Future Prospects Increase productivity and positive health and environmental impacts of agriculture Increase innovation and improved varieties through research Need strong public and private sectors More effective IP for germplasm and trait development Bridge gaps between research plots and farmers fields Conserve genetic resources for future use

Slide28: 

Dissemination to Culture and the Human Spirit “ When I got home I heard John Barbirolli conducting Beethoven’s Seventh Symphony. What was agriculture for except that such a thing as that symphony and the playing of it should be made possible? To make bread so that it shall be possible for mankind to have more than bread; to listen to a Beethoven, a Sibelius, a Tchaikovsky, uttering some far message of paradox and joy.” John Stewart Collis : The Worm Forgives the Plough, Penguin Modern Classics, 1973.

Slide29: 

Acknowledgements Eric Barbour Joanne Barton Mark Cooper David Ertl Tim Helentjaris Enno Krebbers Tony Nevshemal Bill Niebur Antoni Rafalski Howie Smith Scott Tingey Dwight Tomes