Washingtons Presidency

Slide1 : Read, analyze chart and answer the questions In 1790, the first U.S. census was taken, as required by the Constitution…The count was necessary in order to determine taxation and representation in Congress. All free people were counted, as well as “three-fifths of all other Persons.” Indians were excluded. City 1790 1800 1810 Boston 18,038 24,937 33,250 New York 33,131 60,489 96,373 Philadelphia 45,529 69,403 91,874 Baltimore 13,503 26,114 35,583 Charleston 16,359 20,473 24,711 What is a Census check, why was it needed and when does it occur? What does it mean when it states 3/5’s of all other persons? Which city grew the most during the 20 years shown? Which city grew the least during the 20 years shown? Oct. 26/27 FOCUS ACTIVITY US HISTORY


notes1 : notes1 Washington’s Presidency Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797 VP: John Adams 2. US Problems = Solutions Government on paper but not in practice Precedents Develops first Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Supreme Court Debt Excise taxes and tariffs Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792 Confidence in new Constitution Whiskey Rebellion Successfully put down by Washington, 1794 Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”


notes2 : The Possibility of War Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain Forts for debts Picnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain Open up the Mississippi River French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US US asked to help France in war with England Neutrality Act---Washington warns US to stay neutral and not side with the French. 4. Washington’s Farewell Speech: 1796 Two ways the US can stay unified Avoid political parties Military alliances with Europe Neutrality----Isolation notes2 Achievements: Sound economic foundation westward expansion Kept us out of war


Wash inaugural : Wash inaugural New Constitution and Government take effect on April 30, 1789. Washington begins his presidency in New York City and alternates between there and Philadelphia. Capital city at this time was New York City.


precedents : Precedents are models, examples or influences other Presidents would follow What to call the President? Mr. President President sets their own personal style Cabinet appointed by President and advises him precedents VP has no official duties President acts independent from Congress Congress relies on the advice of the President Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else


cabinet : Department of State-----Foreign affairs Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State cabinet Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government Department of Treasury---Financial affairs Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury Department of War-------------------Military affairs Henry Knox----Secretary of War Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice Postmaster General-------------------Postal system Samuel Osgood


Slide7 : Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.


Slide8 : Federalist Beliefs (former Anti-Federalists) Democratic-Republicans Leader Appealed to Alexander Hamilton John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated…. Favored seaboard cities Farmers and Planters common man Favored the South and West Ideas of Government Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution Implied powers Wealthy and educated involved Limit freedoms of speech & press Preferred govt. similar to a king State’s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution Expressed/Enumerated powers Common man but educated Bill of Rights is sacred Lesser government the better Domestic Policy Supported National Bank—BUS Supported excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high Against National Bank—BUS Against excise tax Against National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low Foreign Policy Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French political


Slide9 : John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court 3 from North and 3 from South Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.


precedents : President Washington faced several Indian problems. British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers. Washington sent General “Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat the Indian tribes. precedents


War in the Old Northwest Territory : War in the Old Northwest Territory Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored early victories (1790–91) The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)


War in the Old Northwest Territory : War in the Old Northwest Territory Treaty of Greenville (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty


Slide13 : Map 13 of 45


Slide14 : British forts on U.S. soil. Still haven’t removed troops and supplying Indians with weapons Disputed land claims with Spain..Cut off Mississippi River


Jays : Jays Jay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians. Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.


Jay’s Treaty : Jay’s Treaty British remove forts from US soil British agreed but required US to pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts. Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with Indian tribes Opened westward expansion for US settlers. John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.


Conflicts with Britain : British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians. Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier. Conflicts with Britain


Conflicts with Britain : Conflicts with Britain British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300 Impressed and imprisoned American sailors. Jeffersonians called for war Federalists resisted (financial system).


Jay’s Treaty : To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794). Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty. Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy. Jay’s Treaty


Jay’s Treaty : Jay’s Treaty British agree to pay some damages, but required US to pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts. Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts). Did not stop impressment. John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.


Jay’s Treaty : Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity. Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.


Picnkneys : Picnkneys Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between Spanish Florida and US…… Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in New Orleans.


debt : Foreign Debt $11,710,000 Federal Domestic Debt $42,414,000 State Debt $21,500,000 Custom Duties (Tariffs) Excise Tax on Whiskey Misc. Revenue Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems: Pay off $80 million debt Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products Tariff: a tax on imports Establish good credit with foreign nations Create a national bank with a national currency Raise money for govt backed by gold silver Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C. debt


Slide24 : HAMILTON Safe place to deposit and transfer money Provide loans to government and state banks A national currency---$$$$$ An investment by people to buy stock into US bank Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose construction of Constitution National debt good for country JEFFERSON Against the Constitution State banks would collapse Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government Hurt the common man Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national bank. Against a national debt BUS


whiskeymap : whiskeymap Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……


Slide26 : Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania. Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax Believed it was an unfair tax. Were called the “Whiskey Rebels”


Whiskey : Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution Outcome: Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, “mobocracy” Showed the power of the national government President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion. Whiskey


impressment : Impressment: an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French were doing this to us. impressment


French Rev : Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete similar to King George Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours French Rev


French Rev : France goes to war against European kings France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war French Rev Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in 1793. Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.


farewell : farewell Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain and the United Netherlands, of the one part and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.


farewell : farewell neutrality President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid. Why? I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition….April 1793


Response to frenchrev : Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality. Washington’s Neutrality decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest. Preserve and protect the infant nation Thomas Paine On Washington’s Neutrality “And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.” Response to frenchrev


farewell : Washington warned of the dangers of political parties and permanent alliances with other nations. Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances” became a principle of U.S. foreign policy. “Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation….Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796 farewell


Slide35 : Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the British and foreign continents--- ”GOOD HISTORIAN” Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Address in 1796. No entangling alliances…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to trade with Europe Neutrality = Isolation


notes1 : notes1 Washington’s Presidency Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797 VP: John Adams 2. Problems facing US Debt Government on paper but not in practice British, Spain and Indians Confidence in new government 3. Accomplishments Political achievements Precedents Develops first Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Supreme Court---Judiciary Act of 1789 treaties Created lowers courts to assist the Supreme Court


notes2 : Domestic Achievements: Secures westward expansion Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain Picnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain Debt solutions Excise taxes and tariffs Bank of United States (BUS) Enforced Constitution Whiskey Rebellion Demonstrated strength of new government Foreign Achievements No war with Great Britain or Spain French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US response Neutrality Act---Washington warns = stay out Cornerstone of US foreign policy = isolationism Washington’s Farewell Speech Two ways the US can stay unified and strong Avoid political parties military alliances with European countries notes2 Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. “Mobocracy”


Indian land : Indian land


political : Federalist Beliefs (former Anti-Federalists) Democratic-Republicans Leader Appealed to Alexander Hamilton John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated…. Favored seaboard cities Farmers and Planters common man Favored the South and West Ideas of Government Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution Implied powers Wealthy and educated involved Limit freedoms of speech & press Preferred govt. similar to a king State’s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution Expressed/Enumerated powers Educated but common man Upheld Bill of Rights as sacred Lesser government the better Domestic Policy Supported National Bank—BUS Protective tariff and excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high Against National Bank—BUS Against Protective Tariff Against excise tax and National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low Foreign Policy Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French political