riseofademocraticsou thafricaoyler

Preface to Dr. White-Oyler’s Presentation on South Africa and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission: 

Preface to Dr. White-Oyler’s Presentation on South Africa and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission While classroom teachers are allowed to use the copyrighted images and materials posted on the internet under the “fair use” policy, the Department of Public Instruction must obtain written permission to include the same images in any materials it distributes. Therefore, we have included the hyperlinks to the images that were in this PowerPoint and directions so that you can go “online” and obtain them for your classroom use.

Instructions for opening the PowerPoint’s hyperlinks:: 

Instructions for opening the PowerPoint’s hyperlinks: Left click on the url address and drag your curser until it highlights the entire address Right click on url select “open hyperlink” scroll to the indicated image Right click on the image and select “copy” Return to the PowerPoint and left click Edit on your Tool Bar Scroll down to “paste” and left click on it Left click on the image to move it within the PowerPoint and right click on it to enlarge or decrease its size, crop it, modify its color or contrast, etc. Consider using Google Image Search to find a replacement image if the link is no longer accessible.

RISE OF A DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA: 

RISE OF A DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA Dr. Dianne White-Oyler Fayetteville State University

THE BACK STORY: 

THE BACK STORY GEOGRAPHY & ENVIRONMENT INDIGENOUS PEOPLES EUROPEAN MIGRATION

SOUTHERN AFRICA http://www.rocksport.co.za:81/Maps/salargepan.htm: 

SOUTHERN AFRICA http://www.rocksport.co.za:81/Maps/salargepan.htm

RAIN PATTERNS: 

RAIN PATTERNS NAMIBDESERT http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/005/AC991E/AC991E07.htm

THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: 

THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES SAN TODAY KHOISAN ROCK ART THE KHOIKHOI http://khoisan.org/do.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/1256210.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/1256210.stm Rock Art http://www.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Sites_and_Scenery.html

BANTU MIGRATION: 

BANTU MIGRATION BANTU SPEAKERS IN SOUTH AFRICA BY 500 AD http://encarta.msn.com/media_701611637/Bantu_Migration.html http://www.capetown.at/heritage/peoples/ (Not functioning on 9-07-06)

THE XHOSA: 

THE XHOSA http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/september/xhosa.html http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/september/xhosa.html http://www.satravelco.com/more_to_do_world_of_choice.php

THE ZULU: 

THE ZULU c. 1970 Warrior http://cooltang.com/sa/detail/racial/zulu/ (Not an appropriate site for students, use image #15) http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023966.html (additional searching required) Indigenous Hair Style

SOTHO : 

SOTHO http://africanlanguages.com/northern_sotho/ http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/afrlang/page6.htm (woman with gourd on her head) http://www.nguni.com/culture/virtualafrica/sotho/

COASTAL FEATURES CAPE OF GOOD HOPE: 

COASTAL FEATURES CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

FIRST CONTACT TABLE BAY FROM TABLE MOUNTAIN: 

FIRST CONTACT TABLE BAY FROM TABLE MOUNTAIN TABLE BAY

AREIAL VIEWTABLE MOUNTAIN & BAY: 

AREIAL VIEW TABLE MOUNTAIN & BAY http://www.tropicalisland.de/travel_south_africa_cape_town.html

TIMELINE: EUROPEANS: 

TIMELINE: EUROPEANS PORTUGUESE BARTOLOMIEU DIAZ 1488 DUTCH JAN VAN RIEBEEK 1652 IMMIGRATION OF FRENCH HUGUENOTS (1689) & GERMANS BRITISH 1795-1803 (Napoleonic Wars) RETURNED TO DUTCH CONQUEST OF CAPE COLONY 1806; ANNEX NATAL 1843 DUTCH THE GREAT TREK 1835-1840 ORANGE FREE STATE—1856 AFRICKANER REPEPUBIC TRANSVAAL—1854 AFRIKANER REPUBLIC MINERAL REVOLUTION 1978 BRITISH ANNEX AFRIKANER REPUBLICS 1877 SOUTH AFRICAN WAR—BOER WAR 1899-1902 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 1910

DUTCH EXPANSION INTO THE INTERIOR: 

DUTCH EXPANSION INTO THE INTERIOR TREKBOER OR VOORTREKKER

THE MINERAL REVOLUTION1867: 

THE MINERAL REVOLUTION 1867 1. DUTCH a. DIAMONDS AT KIMBERLY b. GOLD AT WITSWATERSRAND c. BOERS CONTRACT AFRICAN LABOR 2. BRITISH WANT TO CONTROL THE WEALTH 3. CONFLICT: THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR 1899-1902

KIMBERLEY: 

KIMBERLEY

CECIL RHODES (1853-1902): 

CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)

FROM CAPE TO CAIRO: 

FROM CAPE TO CAIRO POLITICAL CARTOON

THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR: 

THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/specialprojects/anglo-boer-wars/anglo-boer-war2i.htm (not functioning on 9-07-06)

SOUTH AFRICA WAR1899-1902: 

SOUTH AFRICA WAR 1899-1902 BOERS 1ST QUEENSLAND MOUNTED (AUSTRALIA)

RISE OF THE APARTHEID STATE: 

RISE OF THE APARTHEID STATE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA NATIONALIST PARTY 1948

THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: 

THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 1909 SOUTH AFRICA ACT CREATES A WHITE MINORITY GOVERNMENT—FEDERATION OF 1. TRANSVAAL 2. ORANGE FREE STATE 3. CAPE (COLONY) 4. NATAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE BLACK MAJORITY

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM1900-1948: 

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM 1900-1948 LANGUAGE AFRIKAANS IN THE WESTERN CAPE Unique language origins—Dutch modified by indigenous & outside languages Indigenous development PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES SOUTH AFRICA FLAG (1928-1994)

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM: 

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM CULTURE LANGUAGE EDUCATION DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM: 

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM HEROIC HISTORIC PAST 1. Van Riebeek at the Cape http://del-afrika.com/ 2. Boers, Voortrekkers, http://www.pbase.com/bmcmorrow/image/38656027 South African War http://www.boerwarsociety.org/ Van Riebeek the Cape Trekers Leave the Cape Soldier Anglo-Boer war

APARTHEID: 

APARTHEID AFRIKAANS WORD DEFINITION: APARTNESS OR SEPARATENESS 1ST USE OF THE TERM WAS IN 1917 BY JAN SMUTS WHO BECAME PRIME MINISTER IN 1919 SYSTEM OF SEGREGATION AND INSTITUTIONAL RACISM IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948-1990s

APARTHEID: 

APARTHEID

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA & APARTHEID: 

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA & APARTHEID 1911 & 1926 MINES & WORKS ACT Color Ban on certain jobs; Salaries for whites higher at all times 1913 & 1936 NATIVES LAND ACTS Land Raid—Allocated 13% of total land to the black majority and 87% to the white minority 1923 NATIVES ACT (URBAN AREAS) Segregation in residential areas of cities—BLACKS HAD TO CARRY SPECIAL PAPERS TO STAY IN THE CITIES 1937 NATIVES LAWS AMENDMENT ACT Pass laws required Blacks to carry identification and authorization to enter white areas.

PASSBOOK: 

PASSBOOK http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htm 3rd image

CREATION OF THE APARTHEID STATE: 

CREATION OF THE APARTHEID STATE

APARTHEID LEADER: 

APARTHEID LEADER James Barry Munnik Hertzog 1866 – 1942 Founder of the National Party http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barry_Munnik_Hertzog

APARTHEID LEGISLATION MANDATED:: 

APARTHEID LEGISLATION MANDATED: 1950 POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT Registration by Color Forced all South Africans to register as : White, Bantu (Black), Asian (Indian & Pakistani) or Colored (people of mixed race) 1950 GROUP AREAS ACT Geographic Separation in business and residence 1953 RESERVATION OF SEPARATE AMENITIES ACT Segregation of public areas and transport Buses, Parks, and other Public Places 1953 Bantu Education Act Separate but Not Equal: Enforced Racial Discrimination of schools 1959 PROMOTION OF BANTU SELF-GOVERMENT ACT Black Homelands—THE BANTUSTANS

BANTUSTANS: 

BANTUSTANS

JOURNEY TO JO’BURG: 

JOURNEY TO JO’BURG ACTIVITY NOVEL: Naidoo, Beverley, Journey to Jo’Burg: A South African Story, Harper Trophy book, 1986. (ages 9-12)

APARTHEID: THE CONTRAST: 

APARTHEID: THE CONTRAST http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE: 

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE One Man’s Freedom Fighter is Another Man’s Terrorist 1912 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIVE NATIONAL CONGRESS BECOMES THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS—THE ANC STRIKES, BOYCOTTS AND SYMBOLIC ACTS OF DEFINACE 1950s DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN MASS RESISTANCE—PUBLIC DISOBEDIENCE 1955 FREEDOM CHARTER John L. Dube (1871-) 1st President

FREEDOM CHARTER 1955: 

FREEDOM CHARTER 1955 We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people; www.sahistory.org.za/

1950s ANC DEFINACE CAMPAIGN: 

1950s ANC DEFINACE CAMPAIGN 1952 1955 http://www.nelsonmandelamuseum.org.za/web%20-%20xhosa/timeline/timeline_1950s.htm

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE: 

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE 1959 PAN AFRICANIST CONGRESS (of Azania) PAC split from the ANC because it objected to the ANC's non-racial policies & took a bolder approach based more on mass action. Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe (1924-1977) 1st President Image of Pan Africanist Congress of Azania overtop the continent of Africa

ACTIVITY: 

ACTIVITY COMPARE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT THE US WITH BLACK RIGHTS MOVEMENT SOUTH AFRICA

COMPARATIVE RACISM U.S. HISTORY SA: 

COMPARATIVE RACISM U.S. HISTORY SA CIVIL RIGHTS 1619 1st Blacks to US 1774-1776 US Rev. 1861-1865 Civil War Ends Slavery 1890-1920 Jim Crow Laws 1954-1964 Civil Rights Movement APARTHEID 500AD Bantu migration—black Africans 1657 1st imported 1st slaves 1899-1902 Boer War 1948-1994 Legal Apartheid 1960-1994 Militaristic Black Rights

COMPARATIVE RACISMU.S. STRUCTURE SA: 

COMPARATIVE RACISM U.S. STRUCTURE SA CIVIL RIGHTS Slavery Puritan values Heroes of the Revolution MLK Malcolm X Desegregation, Affirmative Action APARTHEID Slavery & Annihilation Colonialism—Racial Capitalism Heroes of the Revolution Nelson Mandela Steve Biko Walter Sisulu Oliver Tambo TRC and Restitution

THE COUNTDOWN TO DEMOCRACY: 

THE COUNTDOWN TO DEMOCRACY 1960s 1970s 1980s

SOUTH AFRICA THE APARTHEID STATE: 

SOUTH AFRICA THE APARTHEID STATE 1961 HF VERWOERD PM REPSONSIBLE FOR MUCH APARTHEID LEGISLATION 1966 BJ VORTER PM SEGREGATION SEVERELY ENFORCED John Vorster VERWOERD

APARTHEID: 

APARTHEID OVERT AND COVERT RESISTANCE Political Activism Cultural Activism

MASSACRE AT SHARPEVILLE 1960: 

MASSACRE AT SHARPEVILLE 1960 http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/index.html

SHARPVILLE MASSACRE: 

SHARPVILLE MASSACRE http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_March_21.php

STATE TERRORISM: 

STATE TERRORISM TERROR IS OFTEN AT ITS BLOODIEST WHEN USED BY DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENTS AGAINST THEIR OWN CITIZENS.

REACTIONS TO THE TERRORIST STATE: 

REACTIONS TO THE TERRORIST STATE 1961 SOUTH AFRICA IS EXPELLED FROM THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS MANDELA—”SPEAR OF THE NATION”— 200 ACTS OF SABOTAGE AGAINST PASS OFFICES, GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, AND POWER SUPPLIES 1962 MANDELA ILLEGALLY LEAVES 1. SUPPORT FOR THE ANC 2. TO MILITARY TRAINING. 1962 MANDELA IMPRISONED FOR 3 YEARS 1963 RIVONIA TREASON TRIAL

RIVONIA TRIAL 1964: 

RIVONIA TRIAL 1964 http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of-south-africa-in-the-apartheid-era http://www.rusty-bernstein.com/images/fighting-talk.jpg Nelson Mandela 1922-

ROBBEN ISLAND: 

ROBBEN ISLAND http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/photogalleries/south_africa_tourism/photo2.html http://www.phillipmartin.info/webpage/TRAVEL/AFRICA/text_southafrica_robben.htm

ROBBEN ISLAND: 

ROBBEN ISLAND 12 km FROM CAPE TOWN A PRISON FOR 400 YEARS TO ISOLATE OPPONENTS OF APARTHEID

NELSON MANDELA IN PRISON: 

NELSON MANDELA IN PRISON http://africawithin.com/mandela/mandela_gallery1.htm (third row of photos, 4th to the left of NM behind bars)

HARD LABORROBBEN ISLAND: 

HARD LABOR ROBBEN ISLAND http://www.nelson-mandela-schule.de/nels16.jpg

SOUTH AFRICA THE APARTHEID STATE: 

SOUTH AFRICA THE APARTHEID STATE 1970s INCREASED GOVERNMENT REPRESSION COLOR BAN ON FREEDOM OF TRAVEL AND WORK—BLACK AFRICANS BECOME MORE IMPOVERISHED

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT: 

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT MID-1960s ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT THAT FILLED THE POLTICAL VOID AFTER 1. THE BANNING OF THE ANC & PAC 2. SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE STEVE BIKO (1946-1977) STUDENT LEADER COMMUNITY LEADER http://zar.co.za/biko.htm

ACTIVITYPRIMARY SOURCES: 

ACTIVITY PRIMARY SOURCES STEVE BIKO COLUMN “I WRITE WHAT I LIKE” by FRANK TALK “Black Souls in White Skins” “We Blacks” “Fragmentation of the Black Resistance” http://www.lib.uwo.ca/weldon/news/hottopics/archive2005/nov05.shtml (at the bottom)

SOWETO TOWNSHIP: 

SOWETO TOWNSHIP http://www.monolith.com.au/soweto/ (at the bottom) SOWETO 20 km FROM JOHANNESBURG LARGEST BLACK URBAN COMMUNITY COMPRISING THE BLACK COMMUNITIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN TOWNSHIPS

SOWETO TOWNWHIP: 

SOWETO TOWNWHIP http://www.src.wits.ac.za/groups/outreach/2002/Mobile-lab-news-9.html

SOWETO STUDENT MASSACRE 1976: 

SOWETO STUDENT MASSACRE 1976 STUDENT RIOT AGAINST GOVERNMENT MANDATE TO TEACH AFRIKAANS LANGUAGE 1,000 DEAD http://www.mltranslations.org (scroll down to South Africa on the sidebar to your left)

THE RESISTANCE: 

THE RESISTANCE BLACK COLLABORATORS TARGETED NEW FORMS OF LOCAL DEMOCRACY FILL THE VOID BLACK POLICEMEN SHOT, STABBED, & HOMES FIREBOMBED BLACK ON BLACK VIOLENCE—A POLITICAL ACT CHIEF BUTHULEZI, ZULU LEADER MAJOR COLLABORATIONIST

THE ARTS: 

THE ARTS ALPHA BLONDY “APARTHEID IS NAZISM” LYRICS INCLUDE America, America, America Break the neck of this apartheid This apartheid system is nazism, nazism, nazi This apartheid system is nazism, nazi, them a nazi 1939-1945 Nazi war in Europe Today 1985 Declare our own rights in South Africa America, America, America I say break the neck of this apartheid

NEO-APARTHEID: 

NEO-APARTHEID 1980s

PW BOTHA: 

PW BOTHA 1978 BECAME PM 1. TRICAMERAL PARLIAMENT 2. REMOVED POST OF PM 3. PROVIDED FOR EXECTIVE STATE PRESIDENT 1984 TRICAMERAL ELECTION DERAILED BY COALITION OF ANTI-APARTHEID GROUPS http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10562528/site/newsweek/

SOUTH AFRICA IN A STATE OF EMERGENCY: 

SOUTH AFRICA IN A STATE OF EMERGENCY RESISTANCE MET WITH BRUTALITY INCREASED DEMANDS FOR 1. CIVIL RIGHTS 2. IMPROVED EDUCATION 3. UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE 4. ELIMINATION OF JOB DISCRIMINATION AND PASS LAWS MOUNTING INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS

A NEW DAY: 

A NEW DAY 1990’s

FW DE CLERK: 

FW DE CLERK 1989 FW DE KLERK REPLACES BOTHA 1. DISMANTLES APARTHEID 2. 1990 LIFTS BAN ON ANC 3. FREES MANDELA 1990 CHURCHES JOIN IN A COMMON CONFESSION OF SIN 1992 WHITE SOUTH AFRICA VOTES TO END APARTHEID http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/klerk-bio.html

DENNIS BRUTUS: 

DENNIS BRUTUS POEM “FEBRUARY, 1990” http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/barbrutus.htm (poem is at the bottom) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931859221 (his picture on book of poetry)

1ST MULTI-RACIAL GENERAL ELECTION 1994: 

1ST MULTI-RACIAL GENERAL ELECTION 1994 ONE-MAN-ONE-VOTE http://www.folkart.com/henderson/ballot-detail.htm (image of 1994 ballot) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/africa/04/photo_journal/94election/html/1.stm (numerous images of 1994 election) SOWETO VOTERS IN LINE ELECTION BALLOT

NELSON MANDELA: 

NELSON MANDELA PRESIDENT1994-1999 http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0304/ijde/hart.htm (Nelson Mandela with Deputy Presidents Thabo Mbeki – now the current president and FW de Klerk – former president)

NEW CONSTITUTION: 

NEW CONSTITUTION POSTAMBLE The adoption of this Constitution lays the secure foundation for the people of South Africa to transcend the divisions and strife of the past, . . . . . .a need for understanding but not for vengeance, a need for reparation but not for retaliation, a need for ubuntu (the African philosophy of humanism) but not for victimization. In order to advance such reconciliation and reconstruction, amnesty shall be granted . . . . . . .

TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: 

TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE THE WAY SOCIETY HEALS AND SEEKS JUSTICE AFTER PERIOD OF WAR OR TYRANNY NEUREMBURG TRIALS—RETRIBUTION WORLD TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS 1. MET BEHIND CLOSED DOORS 2. GRANTED BLANKET AMNESTY (Chile & Argentina) 3. GRANTED REPARATIONS (Chile, Sri Lanka) TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION—SOUTH AFRICA, THE NEW MODEL 1. MEETINGS OPEN & TELEVISED & RECORDED 2. AMNESTY CASE BY CASE BASIS

SOUTH AFRICAN FLAG (2000): 

SOUTH AFRICAN FLAG (2000) http://www.theodora.com/wfb/south_africa/south_africa_flags.html Red for bloodshed Blue of open blue skies Green for the land Black for the black people White for the European people Yellow for the natural resources i.e. Gold The Y symbolizes the merging nationalities - i.e unity

TRUTH & RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC): 

TRUTH & RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) AFRICAN PROVERB: “TRUTH IS GOOD, BUT NOT ALL TRUTH IS GOOD TO SAY.” THE MORAL QUESTION: IS ALL FAIR IN A JUST WAR THE COMMISSION ANSWERS: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS REMAIN ABUSES EVEN WHEN THE CAUSE IS JUST THE COMMISSION’S TASK—ASSESS CRIMES OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE FREEDOM FIGHTERS

TRC“HEALING OUR PAST”: 

TRC “HEALING OUR PAST” TRC A POLITICAL AGREEMENT 1ST INDEPENDENT BODY OF POST-APATHEID ERA THREE COMMISSIONS 1. HUMAN RIGHTS 2. AMNESTY 3. REPARATIONS http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/safrican.elections/stories/truth/

TRC HUMAN RIGHTS COMISSION: 

TRC HUMAN RIGHTS COMISSION ABSENCE OF LEGAL PROCEDURES—RULES OF EVIDENCE QUALITY & QUANTITY OF INFORMATION COMPARABLE OR SUPERIOR TO LEGAL PROCEDURES IN A COURTROOM http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18959-2005Apr1.html?nav=rss_world/africa

TRC HEARINGS PEOPLE SEEKING CLOSURE: 

TRC HEARINGS PEOPLE SEEKING CLOSURE http://www.irisfilms.org/longnight/ln_prskt.htm (top right photo)

TRC HEARINGS AMNESTY IN THE DEATH OF STEVE BIKO? : 

TRC HEARINGS AMNESTY IN THE DEATH OF STEVE BIKO? http://webs.wofford.edu/mandlovenb/SAfrica/content/eastcape.html (bottom right photo of Biko’s grave)

TRC: 

TRC Demond Tutu Pumla Gobdo-Madikizela http://www.irisfilms.org/longnight/ln_prskt.htm (2nd row, image on the left)

TRC: 

TRC ADULT NOVEL Gobdo-Madikizela, Pulma, A Human Being Died That Night: A South African Story of Forgiveness http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/truth_and_reconciliation/143668.stm The story of “Prime Evil” Eugene De Kock One widow said: “I was overwhelmed by emotion, & I was nodding, as a way of saying yes, I forgive you. I hope that when he sees our tears, he knows that they are not only tears for out husbands but tears for him as well.”

THABO MBEKI: 

THABO MBEKI PRESIDENT 1999-PRESENT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki (images of him with President GW Bush)

THE AFTERMATHDECOLONIZATION: 

THE AFTERMATH DECOLONIZATION POLITICAL MULTI-RACIAL DEMOCRACY—”RAINBOW NATION” BOUNDARIES CULTURAL LANGUAGE EDUCATION HEALTH ECONOMIC