Presentation Transcript
Cotton Textile Production in the United States : Cotton Textile Production in the United States The Development of America’s first large-scale manufacturing industry
Stages of Textile Production : Stages of Textile Production 1. Picking
2. Carding
3. Spinning
4. Warping
5. Weaving
6. Finishing
Picking : Picking Remove cotton from plant and remove foreign debris from fiber.
By Hand: Tedious removal of seeds, leaves, etc.
By Machine: Rotating teeth produce a thin lap for Carding.
Carding : Carding Comb fibers and align them into a smooth rope called a “sliver.” Slivers combined to create “roving.”
By Hand: Pull fibers between teeth set in boards. Slivers twisted together.
By Machine: Rotating cylinders perform same task.
Spinning : Spinning Twisted and drew out roving winding resulting yarn on a bobbin.
By Hand: Spinning wheel used to spin yarn from roving.
By Machine: Rollers used for task on machines called “throstles” and “spinning mules”.
Warping : Warping Gathering of yarns from a number of bobbins and wound close together on a spool or reel. Then transferred to warp beam and mounted on loom.
By Hand: Yarns drawn together by hand.
By Machine: Drawn in by machine.
Weaving : Weaving Crosswise woof threads interwoven with lengthwise warp threads on a loom.
By Hand: Handloom used for weaving.
By Machine: Actions mechanized with a power loom.
Finishing : Finishing Finished textiles dyed and pressed.
By Hand: Hand dyed and pressed.
By Machine: Actions mechanized with use of roller and surface printing machines. Textiles pressed with a mechanical press.
U.S. Textile Production to 1790 : U.S. Textile Production to 1790 Sources of cotton
Household manufacture
Attempts and failures of large scale production
Barriers Preventing Large-Scale Mechanization of Production : Barriers Preventing Large-Scale Mechanization of Production Lack of labor and capital
British colonial and foreign policy
Revolution and economic instability
Lack of Cheap and Efficient Transportation
Difficulty in obtaining cotton
Abundance of British imports
British Textile Manufacturing to 1790 : British Textile Manufacturing to 1790 Exceptional growth in 1770’s and ‘80’s
Hargreave’s jenny (1770)
Arkwright’s water frame (1769)
Crompton’s mule (1770’s)
Carding machines (late 1700’s)
Slide12 : British Spinning Jenny (as depicted 1818)
Slide13 : British Water Frame (as depicted 1812)
Slide14 : British Cotton Mule (as depicted 1812)
Slide15 : British Carding Machine (as depicted 1818)
Samuel Slater and the Rhode Island System : Samuel Slater and the Rhode Island System Slater brings technology from Britain
First water powered spinning mill established in Pawtucket (1790)
Input - cotton
Output - yarn and thread
Rhode Island System
Slide17 : Mill built for Almy, Brown and Slater in 1793
on the Pawtucket falls.
Slide18 : Carding machine used by Slater in the 1790’s
Slide19 : Water frame used by Samuel Slater (1790’s)
48 spindle model
Characteristics of the First American Factory : Characteristics of the First American Factory Substantial standardized output
Complex operations carried out with:
high fixed costs
mechanization
use of power
Assembly of workers under organizational discipline
Removal of the Input Barrier : Removal of the Input Barrier Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)
Domestic cotton production expands
Transportation : Transportation Canals and Rivers
Railroads
Example: Lowell and Erie Canal
Slide25 : Household manufacture of woolen cloth. Shaded
areas indicate the one-third of the counties with
the highest home production of woolen goods.
Removal of Competition Barrier : Removal of Competition Barrier Embargo Act of 1807
Non-Intercourse Act
War of 1812
Tariff of 1816
Other periods of protection
Labor Scarce and Expensive : Labor Scarce and Expensive Innovations needed to use labor as efficiently as possible
Britain vs. United States
American mills had only 20% of spindles and 25% of workers but processed 40% as much cotton as Britain
Example: Maynayunk, PA and RI
Francis Cabot Lowell and the Waltham System : Francis Cabot Lowell and the Waltham System Lowell travels to England
Boston Associates
Boston Manufacturing Company
Power Loom
Builds 1st fully integrated textile mill in Waltham, MA (1814)
Slide29 : Boston Manufacturing Company mill
on the Charles River in Waltham (1830)
Slide30 : One of the early power looms developed in Waltham
and Lowell between 1813 and 1848
Boston Manufacturing Company : Boston Manufacturing Company Vertical integration
Continuous process
Division of labor
Use of unskilled workers
Avoided organized labor
Waltham System - recruited daughters of farmers as workers
The Founding of Lowell : The Founding of Lowell Boston Associates buy land on Merrimack River and Pawtucket Canal
Construction is begun
Merrimack Manufacturing Company (1823)
Other companies followed in the 1820’s and 1830’s
Lowell Mills : Lowell Mills By 1850 Boston Associates controlled 1/5 of U.S. cotton production
1846 mills turned out nearly 1 million yards of cloth a week
Overlapping of Investors and Boards of Directors
Profit averaged 24% a year (1824-1845)
Slide34 : Map of Lowell
Lowell Mills : Lowell Mills 1850, 10 large complexes employing 10,000
By 1850, 2nd largest city in MA
1890 surpassed by Fall River as industrial center Lowell Population
Lowell Workers : Lowell Workers 3/4 young farm women (in early years)
Lived in boarding houses
1830’s typical wage: $12-14 /month
Worked 14 hour days with only Sunday off (until 1853)
Very dangerous conditions
Slide38 : Mill workers outside a Lowell boarding house
Mill Workers : Mill Workers Feb. 1834 - Strike!
1836 - more protest
1840’s - petitions for 10-hour day
New influx of immigrants
By 1845 Irish immigrants dominant
Lowell Machine Shop : Lowell Machine Shop Built in 1824 based on Waltham
Outfitted Lowell mills with machinery but sold many units to mills in other cities
George Washington Whistler builds steam locomotive (1835)
James B. Francis - hydraulic turbines
Lowell Machine Shop : Lowell Machine Shop First Generation of American mechanical engineers
Most important contributions
Use of standardized interchangeable parts
Development of precision machine tools
Rapid Growth of Textile Mills : Rapid Growth of Textile Mills Spindles in the United States (1805-1860)
Distribution of Manufacturers (1860) : Distribution of Manufacturers (1860) Establishments Spindles Value of Product
Early Water Power : Early Water Power Undershot Wheel
Overshot Wheel
Early Industrial Water Power : Early Industrial Water Power Breast Wheel
Used in Lowell and other large textile mills
Example: Merrimack Manufacturing Company
Industrial Water Power : Industrial Water Power Turbines
Invented by Uraih Byden evolved and implemented by 1850’s
Slide48 : Typical Turbine and
Drive Gear Arrangement
Other Developments : Other Developments
Steam Power : Steam Power 1870’s became very popular power source
By 1880 total steam power had surpassed water power in textile mills
Other industries led into steam age by textile mills
Immigrant Labor : Immigrant Labor New England began shifting to immigrant labor by the 1840’s and ‘50’s
Civil War hastens labor shift
Nationalities included: Irish, German, and others
Conclusion : Conclusion Textile Industry led the way into the industrial revolution
First American factory
Catalyzed transportation and power improvements as well as the creation of precision machine tools and interchangeable parts
Also provides efficient clothing production
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