Earthquake

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Earthquake is a sudden & violent movement of the earth’s surface some times due to plate Tectonics, some times due to fracture within the earth followed by a series of shocks. Earthquake

Causes: : 

Causes: Earthquakes are results of rock deformations ---Rocks are made of elastic material, so elastic strain energy is stored in them during deformation ---When the strain energy exceeds the bearing capacity of rock, a sudden movement takes place along a weak plane --Sudden movement along a fracture releases the strain energy stored in the interface rocks.

Earthquake in india : 

Earthquake in india The Indian sub continent lies upon the Indian plate This plate is moving at about 5 C.M per year And in doing so collides with the Eurasian plate This collision is main cause of earthquake from the Himalayas to the arakan yoma The same process, results in earthquakes in the Anadaman & Nicobar Island

Plate Tectonics : 

Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics : 

Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics : 

Plate Tectonics According to this theory, the earth is comprised of a mosaic of rigid plates, which are in relative motion with each others. These plates can move or pull away from each others----divergent boundary Moves towards each others or push each others causing one plate to submerge beneath or slide down the other---convergent boundary Two plates slide without much disturbance to each others– transform boundary The vast majority of earthquakes occur along plate boundaries

Focus & Epicentre : 

Focus & Epicentre

Slide 9: 

It originates from a point deep inside the earth which is called focus. The point on the surface vertically above the focus is called epicenter where the vibration is maximum.

Isoseismal map of Kutch (Bhuj) earthquake of 26 January 2001. : 

Isoseismal map of Kutch (Bhuj) earthquake of 26 January 2001.

Seismograph : 

Seismograph

Seismograph : 

Seismograph Seismograph or Seismometer is an instrument that detects the seismic waves generated in the Earth by earthquakes or explosions .

Fingerprint of an Earthquake : 

Fingerprint of an Earthquake

Better stay outdoors : 

Better stay outdoors

get under a sturdy desk, table or bed : 

get under a sturdy desk, table or bed

Stand against inside wall : 

Stand against inside wall

Stand in a doorway, : 

Stand in a doorway,

If outdoor : 

If outdoor Get away from buildings, walls, utility poles and lines If possible, move to an open area away from hazards and stay there till it is safe

Do not stay under electric poles : 

Do not stay under electric poles

Safe construction : 

Safe construction

Avoid loose soil : 

Avoid loose soil

Some examples of foundations : 

Some examples of foundations

Strong columns : 

Strong columns

Avoid first soft storey : 

Avoid first soft storey

Earthquake timber band : 

Earthquake timber band

reinforcements : 

reinforcements

Provide seismic belt : 

Provide seismic belt

Houses with and without reinforcements : 

Houses with and without reinforcements

Condition of a house without reinforcement : 

Condition of a house without reinforcement

Avoid large projections : 

Avoid large projections

Avoid first soft storey : 

Avoid first soft storey

Slide 32: 

THANK U ---- Ranjan