The Montreal Protocol and Climate Change: The Montreal Protocol and Climate Change Marco Gonzalez Ozone Secretariat UNEP DECEMBER 2007


Vienna Convention / Montreal Protocol: Vienna Convention / Montreal Protocol Objectives: VC: to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting from modifications of the ozone layer MP: to protect the ozone layer In addition, the 4th preamble paragraph to the Montreal Protocol states “Conscious of the potential climatic effects of emissions of these substances,” Therefore climate change was considered


The Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol A successful multilateral environmental agreement Phased-out over 95% of global consumption of ozone-depleting substances in just 20 years Ozone layer on path to recover by mid-century Averted many millions cases of cancer deaths and cataract cases


Global Annual Consumption: Parties had achieved an aggregate 96% reduction in all ODSs: Global Annual Consumption: Parties had achieved an aggregate 96% reduction in all ODSs


Slide5: S. Montzka, NOAA/ESRL, 2006


Effects of the Montreal Protocol and Amendments: Averted many millions cases of cancer deaths and cataract cases: Effects of the Montreal Protocol and Amendments: Averted many millions cases of cancer deaths and cataract cases


Parallels between the conventions and the protocols: Parallels between the conventions and the protocols The Vienna Convention adopted in 1985 The Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987 Entry into force in 1989 Amended 4 times: 1990, 1992, 1997 & 1999 Adjusted 6 times 96 substances controlled 191 Parties so far The Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted in 1992 The Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 Entry into force in 2005 Amended once in 2006 Basket of 6 gases controlled 176 Parties so far


Consumption under Montreal Protocol: Measured in equivalent GWP-tonnes of CO2 emissions – note the increasing significance of HCFCs: Consumption under Montreal Protocol: Measured in equivalent GWP-tonnes of CO2 emissions – note the increasing significance of HCFCs


Climate Benefits of Ozone Protection: Climate Benefits of Ozone Protection IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Ozone and Climate first highlighted the GWP-weighted emissions December 2006: Velders, et al., The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate MP will reduce GHG emissions by 135 GtCO2-eq. between 1990 and 2010 This is delaying climate change by up to 12 years If voluntary efforts & domestic measures from 1970s are taken into account, delay is up to 41 years


Slide11: Velders, Andersen, Daniel, Fahey, & McFarland, PNAS, 2007


Triumph in Montreal: Triumph in Montreal


Developing Countries HCFC Schedule: Developing Countries HCFC Schedule


Article 5 HCFC Control Measures – Old vs New: Article 5 HCFC Control Measures – Old vs New


Article 5 HCFC Consumption: Savings from the New HCFC Adjustments (assumes freeze at previous base level of 2015): Article 5 HCFC Consumption: Savings from the New HCFC Adjustments (assumes freeze at previous base level of 2015)


Key Excerpts: HCFC Adjustment Decision: Key Excerpts: HCFC Adjustment Decision Paragraph 5 on financial and technical assistance: “To agree that the funding available through the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of MP in the upcoming replenishments shall be stable and sufficient to meet all agreed incremental costs to enable A5 parties to comply with the accelerated phase-out schedule both for production and consumption sectors as set out above, and based on that understanding, to also direct the Executive Committee of Multilateral Fund to make the necessary changes to the eligibility criteria related to the post-1995 facilities and second conversions.”


Key Excerpts: HCFC Adjustment Decision: Key Excerpts: HCFC Adjustment Decision Paragraph 9 on climate change: “To encourage Parties to promote the selection of alternatives to HCFCs that minimize environmental impacts, in particular impacts on climate, as well as meeting other health, safety and economic considerations.” Paragraph 11 on climate change “To … give priority to cost-effective projects and programmes which focus on … [s]ubstitutes and alternatives that minimize other impacts on the environment, including on the climate, taking into account global warming potential, energy use, and other relevant facts.”


GAZING INTO THE FUTURE: GAZING INTO THE FUTURE An agreement that is doing so much for ozone —and for climate— clearly deserves our attention. It has much to teach us. .